دانشگاه اصفهان پژوهش های علوم شناختی و رفتاری 2251-7642 13 1 2023 08 23 Structural Relations of Perfectionism Levels and Cognitive Performance Among Individuals with Symptoms of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: The Mediating Role of Cognitive Styles روابط ساختاری سطوح کمال‌گرایی با عملکردهای شناختی در افراد دارای نشانه‌های اختلال وسواسی‌ـ‌جبری: نقش میانجی سبک‌های شناختی 1 22 27562 10.22108/cbs.2023.134424.1675 FA مجید محمود علیلو استاد گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران تورج هاشمی استاد گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران فائزه ابراهیمی صدر کارشناسی ارشد روان‌شناسی بالینی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه تبریز، تبریز، ایران Journal Article 2022 07 26 The aim of this study was to investigate the structural relations between perfectionism levels and cognitive performance in individuals with symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder mediated by cognitive styles. The study population included students of University of Tabriz. Using convenience sampling, 360 subjects were selected. They completed Madsley's obsessive-compulsive disorder inventory, positive and negative perfectionism scale, and Felder-Solomon learning styles questionnaire online. Also, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Continuous Performance Task (CPT) and Wechsler Working Memory Test (WMT) were performed through computer software. Results showed that reflective cognitive style could mediate the relationship between positive perfectionism and cognitive performance. Besides, levels of perfectionism could significantly predict reflective cognitive style and cognitive performance significantly. Hence, it could be concluded that levels of perfectionism and reflective cognitive style in interaction, predict cognitive performance in individuals with symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. It was also obtained that interventions in this field should consider the interactive effects of perfectionism and reflective cognitive style. Introdction According to the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5-TR) obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is diagnosed with features of obsessions or compulsions (American Psychiatric Association, 2022) and is based on the presence of unwanted and disturbing thoughts (obsessions) and repetitive behaviors (compulsions) (Sugarman et al., 2017). Studies have shown that OCD is associated with cognitive deficits (Eisen et al., 2006) and the central point of the symptoms of this disorder is the inability to choose the desired stimulus and simultaneously ignore the irrelevant ones. Accordingly, neuropsychological studies indicate that people with OCD have a significant difference with healthy people in executive functions and have a weaker performance. Contradictory results have been obtained regarding the factors involved in the deficiencies related to the cognitive functions of people with OCD. Accordingly, some studies have stated that the main cause of the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder is a general deficiency in the ability to selectively pay attention to the relevant stimulus and to inhibit attention to other competing environmental stimuli (De Houwer et al., 2009). These researchers believe that the attentional bias of people with OCD is the result of their excessive sensitivity in detecting threats. On the other hand, in a study by Chamberlain et al (2006) on motor inhibition and cognitive flexibility in obsessive hair pulling, damage was observed in motor response inhibition in obsessive-compulsive disorder (Chamberlain et al., 2006). On the other hand, many studies have examined personal features that may facilitate or inhibit the cognitive performance, others have suggested that constructs such as perfectionism may play an effective role in cognitive performance (Davis & NolenHoeksema, 2000; Stoeber & Eysenck, 2008), so that perfectionism, as a person's tendency to have unrealistic standards and extreme self-evaluations, plays an important role in psychological disorders (Rice & Stuart, 2010). On the other hand, in the explanation of cognitive problems in OCD people, some studies have emphasized the role of more fundamental factors, in which the cognitive functions of people with OCD are considered not as a disorder, but as a cognitive approach or style. "Cognitive style" is a component of a person's performance in how s/he solves a problem (Kozhevinkov, 2007) and reveals the organization and psychological framework of that person. There have been no comprehensive studies on the relationship between cognitive styles and cognitive functions. On the whole, in line with the cognitive explanation of obsessive-compulsive disorder, the relationship between levels of perfectionism and cognitive functions with the mediation of reflective cognitive style is not clear. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine the relationship between the levels of perfectionism and cognitive functions through the mediation of reflective cognitive style in people with obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Methodology The study population included University of Tabriz students. Using convenience sampling, 360 subjects were selected and completed Madsley's obsessive-compulsive disorder inventory, positive and negative perfectionism scale, and Felder-Solomon learning styles questionnaire online. Also, Wisconsin Card Sorting test, Continuous Performance Task (CPT) and Wechsler Working Memory Test (WMT) were performed through computer software. Findings Results showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between positive perfectionism and cognitive flexibility and a negative and significant relationship between negative perfectionism and cognitive flexibility. Also, a) positive perfectionism and negative perfectionism with memory function; b) reflective cognitive style with negative and positive perfectionism; and c) reflective cognitive style has a significant relationship with memory performance and sustained attention.Reflective cognitive style is able to positively and significantly explain the relationship between positive perfectionism and cognitive performance. Discussion and Conclusion The present study aimed to determine the relationship between the levels of perfectionism and cognitive functions and through the mediation of cognitive styles in people with symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Accordingly, the first finding showed that reflective cognitive style is able to mediate the relationship between levels of positive perfectionism and cognitive functions. In this regard, we can refer to the opinion of Stuss & Benson (1986) that cognitive performance refers to different abilities such as self-regulation of behavior, working memory, planning and organization skills. Accordingly, Brown (2005) describes cognitive performance as a special set of attention-regulating skills that targets conscious problem solving, which includes cognitive flexibility, working memory and inhibitory control. On the other hand, the role of more fundamental factors has been emphasized in explaining cognitive problems in people with OCD, which cognitive styles are prominent. It seems that people with reflective and impulsive cognitive styles use different methods in cognitive functions. Finding solutions to problems requires a range of cognitive skills, including information interpretation, planning, memory power, controlling results and trying to change results (Cassidy, 2004). Besides, results demonstrated that positive perfectionism can positively explain changes in cognitive performance and negative perfectionism can explain changes in cognitive performance negatively. This result is consistent with the findings of Egan (2005), who stated that one of the factors that could have a positive effect on the promotion of cognitive flexibility processes is positive perfectionism. In fact, perfectionism is a personality trait that makes a person tend to try harder to increase his performance level (Stoeber & Damian, 2014). Regarding the relationship between positive and negative perfectionism and cognitive functions, it could be explained based on the opinion of Hollender (1978) that a perfectionist person demands a certain level of activity or is only satisfied with perfection and with a lot of scrutiny looks for the shortcomings and disadvantages of their work. In general, it can be stated that positive perfectionism increases the individual's cognitive performance, and negative perfectionism is associated with an incompatible cognitive and coping style, which is associated with the creation of stressful life events, and this is in the form of pursuing goals. It appears unreal and perpetuates the effects of stressful factors. Hence, it could be concluded that levels of perfectionism and reflective cognitive style in interaction, predict cognitive performance in individuals with symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder and any intervention in this field should consider the interactive effects of these variables. هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی روابط ساختاری سطوح کمال‌گرایی با عملکردهای شناختی با واسطه‌گری سبک‌های شناختی در افراد با نشانه‌های اختلال وسواسی‌ـ‌جبری بود. جامعۀ پژوهش حاضر دانشجویان دانشگاه تبریز بودند که تعداد 360 نفر نمونه با استفاده از روش هدفمند و از نوع دردسترس انتخاب شدند و به پرسشنامه‌های وسواسی اجباری مادزلی، کمال‌گرایی مثبت و منفی و سبک‌های یادگیری فلدر‌ـ‌سولومان به‌صورت آنلاین پاسخ دادند. همچنین، سه آزمون ویسکانسین (WCST)، آزمون عملکرد پیوسته (CPT) و آزمون حافظۀ کاری وکسلر (WMT) به‌صورت نرم‌افزار رایانه‌ای اجرا شدند. نتایج نشان داد سبک شناختی تأملی قادر است روابط بین سطوح کمال‌گرایی مثبت و منفی با عملکردهای شناختی را میانجی‌گری کند. سطوح کمال‌گرایی به‌طور معنی‌دار، سبک شناختی تأملی و عملکردهای شناختی را پیش‌بینی می‌کنند. درنهایت، سطوح کمال‌گرایی و سبک شناختی تأملی در تعامل با یکدیگر، عملکردهای شناختی را پیش‌بینی می‌کنند و هرگونه مداخله دراین‌زمینه، باید اثرات تعاملی کمال‌گرایی و سبک شناختی تأملی را مدنظر قرار دهد.

https://cbs.ui.ac.ir/article_27562_e8e40f20de236fc5fd665746b570b295.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان پژوهش های علوم شناختی و رفتاری 2251-7642 13 1 2023 08 23 The Effect of Written Emotional Disclosure on Mindfulness and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Strategies اثر افشای هیجانی نوشتاری بر ذهن‌آگاهی و راهبردهای تنظیم شناختی هیجان 23 42 27777 10.22108/cbs.2023.134700.1678 FA مجید یوسفی افراشته دانشیار گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران فاطمه عیار کارشناس ارشد گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه زنجان، زنجان، ایران Journal Article 2022 08 11 In recent years, researchers have investigated and studied written emotional disclosure as an effective method on various psychological variables and have shown that this intervention has many positive physical and psychological effects on people. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of written emotional disclosure on mindfulness and cognitive emotion regulation strategies in college students. The statistical population consisted of students studying at University of Zanjan in 2020, from which 40 students were selected by convenience sampling and were randomly assigned to the research groups including the experimental and control groups. The experimental group performed written emotional disclosure in five sessions of 30 minutes for two weeks. The measurement tools were five-faceted questionnaires of mindfulness and cognitive regulation of emotion. Covariance analysis was used to analyze the data. The findings showed that written emotional disclosure had a positive and significant effect on mindfulness and compromised and non-compromising strategies of cognitive emotion regulation (p <.05). Therefore, written emotional disclosure can be considered as a low-cost, effective and efficient way to face negative and unpleasant events and incidents in life. Introduction Mindfulness means paying attention to purposeful, indescribable ways, based on the present, far from judging and prejudging the current events of life (Kabat-Zinn, 2003) and is a mental capacity in which different people are different and through different methods. It is strengthened. Interventions that focus the mind have positive effects on people's health, including improving mood, reducing pain, and improving quality of life (Marusak et al., 2018). Mindfulness is strongly related to emotion regulation and includes non-reactive awareness and acceptance of experiences in it (Galla et al., 2016). Emotion regulation is one of the important and basic factors of well-being that plays an important role in people's adaptation to stressful events (Aldao et al., 2010). One of the common strategies of emotion regulation is the use of cognitive regulation and it includes people's ways of thinking when experiencing a harmful and damaging incident (Salehi et al., 2020). According to what was said in relation to mindfulness and cognitive emotion regulation strategies, all people face stressful and painful events every day, which cause their mental balance to be disrupted. Various researches have shown that written emotional disclosure is a way to heal these injuries (Pennebaker and Evans, 2019/2014). Researches that have been conducted so far in relation to emotional disclosure have shown that written emotional disclosure, about the deepest thoughts, emotions and traumatic events, leads to the improvement of people's performance (Pennebaker and Smyth, 2016). During his life, a person is always involved in various incidents, some of which are stressful, unfortunate, and painful, and hiding them creates dire consequences for a person. Writing about these events has many positive effects on people's lives (Pennebaker and Evans, 2019/2014). Past researches have shown the effect of written emotional disclosure on physical and mental health, improving quality of life, optimism and life expectancy. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of written emotional disclosure on mindfulness and cognitive emotion regulation strategies in college students. Methodology The method of this research is semi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group. The statistical population consists of students studying in Zanjan State University in the academic year 2020-2021, from which 40 people were selected by convenience sampling method and after obtaining consent, they were assigned into two groups of 20 people as the experimental and the control group. The intervention used in the present study was based on the instructions of Pennebaker and Evans (2019/2014). The members of the two experimental and control groups completed the Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ) and the Cognitive Regulation of Emotion (CERQ). The members of the experimental group were asked to start writing for two weeks, five sessions of 30 minutes and based on the emotion disclosure instructions that were taught in detail by the researcher. The control group did not do any intervention during this period. After two weeks, both groups completed the mentioned questionnaires again. The statistical method of multivariate covariance analysis was used to analyze the data. Results Considering the use of pre-test and post-test, multivariate covariance analysis was used. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check the normality of the distribution and it showed that the distribution of all variables is normal. The precondition of homogeneity of variance was checked with Levine's test. The precondition of homogeneity of regression coefficients for the analysis of covariance of mindfulness was checked by measuring the interaction effect of the pre-test with the group, and a significance level greater than 0.05 was obtained for all components except non-judgment. In the second covariance analysis, this interaction effect for both compromised and non-compromised strategies had a significance level higher than 0.05, which shows the confirmation of this hypothesis. For the variables of mindfulness and cognitive emotion regulation strategies, the significance of Wilks's lambda test from multivariate tests showed that written emotional disclosure had a significant effect on at least one of the dependent variables. The results of univariate covariance analysis to determine the effectiveness of written emotional disclosure on the components and the total score of mindfulness and emotion regulation strategies show the positive effect of this method on mindfulness and emotion regulation strategies in students. Discussion and Conclusion Examining the effect of written emotional disclosure on the students' mindfulness showed that this method had an effect on increasing the mindfulness scores of the post-test compared to the pre-test. The results of this research are in line with the study of Moore and Brody (2009), which states that emotional self-disclosure in writing improves people's mindfulness skills. The study of the effect of written emotional disclosure on the cognitive regulation strategies of emotion in students showed that this method had an effect on increasing the scores of compromised post-test strategies compared to the pre-test scores and decreasing the scores of non-compromised post-test strategies compared to the pre-test scores. The results of this research are in line with Cetinkaya's (2020) study, which states that written emotional self-disclosure is a very effective coping strategy to deal with negative emotions and reduce them. Niederhoffer and Pennebaker (2002) state that keeping information in front of you causes a lot of mental tension and pressure and as a result requires a lot of effort, so disclosing this information reduces this mental pressure. Writing about emotional and emotional issues has a great impact on physical and mental health. In general, considering the effectiveness of written emotional disclosure in increasing mindfulness and the use of compromised strategies and reducing the use of non-compromised strategies of cognitive regulation of emotion in students, it can be said that using this method along with other existing methods improves the psychological condition of students. Therefore, considering the importance of students in various scientific, social, cultural, economic and political mechanisms of the society, counselors and psychologists can use this method as a practical and effective method. Since the sample group studied were students, therefore, the generalization of the results to other sample groups such as people with different education levels and different age groups is problematic. Therefore, it is suggested that the current research be tested on other demographic samples, such as different education levels, and the effect of gender and its moderating role and the effect of other demographic variables on dependent variables are investigated. Also, the effectiveness of written emotional disclosure on improving the performance of other psychological variables should be tested. در سال‌های اخیر، پژوهشگران افشای هیجانی نوشتاری را به‌عنوان روشی اثرگذار بر متغیرهای مختلف روان‌شناختی بررسی کرد‌ه‌اند و نشان داده‌اند که این مداخله اثرات مثبت جسمی و روانی بسیاری بر افراد دارد. براین‌اساس، هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی اثر افشای هیجانی نوشتاری بر ذهن‌آگاهی و راهبردهای تنظیم شناختی هیجان در دانشجویان است. پژوهش از نظر هدف کاربردی و به‌لحاظ روش انجام، نیمه‌آزمایشی است. جامعۀ آماری شامل دانشجویان زن و مرد مشغول به تحصیل در دانشگاه دولتی شهر زنجان در سال 1399 بودند که از میان آن‌ها 40 دانشجو شامل 25 نفر زن و 15 نفر مرد به‌روش نمونه‌گیری دردسترس انتخاب شدند و به‌صورت تصادفی در گروههای پژوهش شامل گروه آزمایش و کنترل قرار گرفتند. گروه آزمایش به‌مدت دو هفته در پنج جلسۀ 30دقیقه‌ای در مکانی عاری از هرگونه عامل مزاحم افشای هیجانی نوشتاری را انجام دادند. هر دو گروه قبل و بعد از اجرای افشای هیجانی نوشتاری توسط پرسشنامۀ پنج‌وجهی ذهن‌آگاهی (FFMQ) و پرسشنامۀ تنظیم شناختی هیجان (CERQ) ارزیابی شدند. برای تجزیه‌و‌تحلیل دادهها از تحلیل کوواریانس استفاده شد. یافته‌ها نشان داد افشای هیجانی نوشتاری بر ذهن‌آگاهی، راهبردهای سازش‌یافته و سازش‌نایافتۀ تنظیم شناختی هیجان اثر مثبت و معناداری داشت (05/0>p (. نتایج نشان میدهد نوشتن منظم دربارۀ یک حادثه موجب می‌شود فرد آن را از نو تفسیر کند، چهارچوب جدیدی به آن بدهد و درنتیجه، درک بهتری از آن پیدا کند؛ بنابراین، می‌توان افشای هیجانی نوشتاری را به‌عنوان روشی کم‌هزینه، مؤثر و کارا برای مواجهه با وقایع و حوادث منفی و ناخوشایند در زندگی در نظر گرفت.

https://cbs.ui.ac.ir/article_27777_736b93383f14b99ddd3b8816d30068c2.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان پژوهش های علوم شناختی و رفتاری 2251-7642 13 1 2023 10 23 Developing a therapeutic intervention package based on the healthy human theory and comparing its effectiveness with positive psychotherapy on social stigma and emotional malaise of mothers with children on the autism disorder تدوین بسته مداخله درمانی مبتنی بر نظریه انسان سالم و مقایسه اثربخشی آن با روان‌درمانی مثبتنگر بر داغ اجتماعی و ناگویی خلقی مادران دارای کودک با اختلال اتیسم 43 70 28345 10.22108/cbs.2023.138464.1800 FA محمدرضا امینی دانشجوی دکترای تخصصی مشاوره، دانشکدۀ علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اصفهان(خوراسگان)، اصفهان، ایران. هاجر ترکان استادیار، گروه روان‌شناسی بالینی، دانشکدۀ علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، اصفهان، ایران. زهرا یوسفی استادیار، گروه روان‌شناسی بالینی، دانشکدۀ علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد اصفهان (خوراسگان)، اصفهان، ایران. Journal Article 2023 07 19 The current research was carried out in line with the development of a therapeutic intervention package based on the healthy human theory and comparing its effectiveness with positive psychotherapy on on social stigma, emotional malaise of mothers with children on the autism. The method of this research was a combination of sequential exploratory type . In the qualitative section, Atride Stirling (2001) comparative thematic analysis method was used to compile and validate the package. The research community includes all related articles in the field of healthy human approach and interventions that were performed on mothers with autistic children, the number of which reached theoretical saturation with a total of 52 studies based on the inclusion criteria. Also, the agreement between 6 psychologists was used to determine the Content Validity Ratio and finally the coefficient of the evaluators was 0.88. The results of the theme analysis indicated that 18 basic themes were obtained in 8 organizing themes (satisfaction and enjoyment of life, loving creation and self, metacognition, peace, happiness, hope, continuity and meaning) and the therapeutic intervention package was based on Their frequency was compiled. Research method in the quantitative part; It included a three-stage, three-group semi-experimental design, which finally included 14 people in each group, taking into account statistical attrition. The statistical population in both the pilot study and the main study included all the mothers of children with autism disorders who referred to autism centers in Isfahan city in July 2022. The data in all three stages were collected by Social stigma scale’s Rezaeidehnavi et al (2010) and Toronto Ataxia Scale (TAS-20). The package of positive psychotherapy according to Rashid and Seligman (2013) was implemented during 8 sessions and the therapeutic intervention package based on the healthy human theory was implemented during 9 sessions of 90 minutes. The findings of the analysis of variance with repeated measurements showed that both therapeutic intervention packages based on the healthy human theory and positive psychotherapy reduced social stigma and emotional malaise in mothers with children on the autism, and this effectiveness was sustained during the follow-up phase has been (p≥0.05). As a result, there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of the two therapeutic intervention packages in the post-test and follow-up phase, and these therapeutic interventions can be used to improve on social stigma, emotional malaise in mothers with autistic children. Introduction The current research was carried out in line with the development of a therapeutic intervention package based on the healthy human theory and comparing its effectiveness with positive psychotherapy on on social stigma, emotional malaise of mothers with children on the autism. The method of this research was a combination of sequential exploratory type . In the qualitative section, Atride Stirling (2001) comparative thematic analysis method was used to compile and validate the package. The research community includes all related articles in the field of healthy human approach and interventions that were performed on mothers with autistic children, the number of which reached theoretical saturation with a total of 52 studies based on the inclusion criteria. Also, the agreement between 6 psychologists was used to determine the Content Validity Ratio and finally the coefficient of the evaluators was 0.88. The results of the theme analysis indicated that 18 basic themes were obtained in 8 organizing themes (satisfaction and enjoyment of life, loving creation and self, metacognition, peace, happiness, hope, continuity and meaning) and the therapeutic intervention package was based on Their frequency was compiled. Research method in the quantitative part; It included a three-stage, three-group semi-experimental design, which finally included 14 people in each group, taking into account statistical attrition. The statistical population in both the pilot study and the main study included all the mothers of children with autism disorders who referred to autism centers in Isfahan city in July 2022. The data in all three stages were collected by Social stigma scale’s Rezaeidehnavi et al (2010) and Toronto Ataxia Scale (TAS-20). The package of positive psychotherapy according to Rashid and Seligman (2013) was implemented during 8 sessions and the therapeutic intervention package based on the healthy human theory was implemented during 9 sessions of 90 minutes. The findings of the analysis of variance with repeated measurements showed that both therapeutic intervention packages based on the healthy human theory and positive psychotherapy reduced social stigma and emotional malaise in mothers with children on the autism, and this effectiveness was sustained during the follow-up phase has been (p≥0.05). As a result, there was no significant difference between the effectiveness of the two therapeutic intervention packages in the post-test and follow-up phase, and these therapeutic interventions can be used to improve on social stigma, emotional malaise in mothers with autistic children. Keywords: Healthy human theory, Social stigma, Positive psychotherapy, Emotional malaise, Autism. Introduction Method The current study used a combination of sequential exploratory method. In the qualitative section, Atride Stirling (2001) comparative thematic analysis method was used to compile and validate the package. The research community includes all related articles in the field of the healthy human approach and interventions that were performed on mothers with autistic children. The research community reached theoretical saturation with a total of 52 studies based on the inclusion criteria. Also, the agreement between 6 psychologists was considered to determine the Content Validity Ratio (CVR). Finally, the coefficient of the evaluators turned to be 0.88. Research method in the quantitative part included a three-stage, three-group semi-experimental design, which included 14 people in each group, taking into account statistical attrition. The statistical population in both the pilot study and the main study included all the mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders who had referred to autism centers in Isfahan in July 2022. The data in all three stages were collected by means of Rezaeidehnavi et al (2010) Social stigma scale and Toronto Ataxia Scale (TAS-20). The package of positive psychotherapy according to Rashid and Seligman (2013) was implemented during 8 sessions and the therapeutic intervention package based on the healthy human theory was implemented during 9 sessions of 90 minutes each. Results The results of the content analysis of the qualitative section reached 18 basic themes with 8 organizing ones (satisfaction and enjoyment of life, loving the creatures and self, metacognition, peace, happiness, hope, continuity and meaning). The therapeutic intervention package was based on their frequency. After the compilation and final approval of the therapeutic intervention package, a pilot (preliminary) study was conducted. The results of the study showed that the difference between the mean scores of the pre-test and post-test in the variables of social hotness and dyslexia in the preliminary sample of the study are significantly different(p≤0.05). Descriptive findings indicated that the average of social anxiety and aphasia in the intervention groups (positive psychotherapy and therapeutic intervention package based on the healthy human theory) has a greater decrease in the post-test and follow-up stages than the pre-test compared to the control group. The findings of the analysis of variance with repeated measurements showed that both therapeutic intervention packages reduced social stigma and emotional malaise in mothers with children on the autism spectrum, and this effectiveness was sustained during the follow-up phase (p≥0.05). Table 1. The results of the analysis of between-subject effects in the study variables statistical power eta p F mean squares df sum of squares Source variable .82 .223 .007 5.59 6431.46 2 12862.92 group social stigma 1150.08 39 44853.04 error .99 .381 .001 77.99 1680.80 2 3361.61 group emotional malaise 140.11 39 5464.45 error Conclusion: Considering the limitations of the study based on generalizations due to the limited population, it is suggested that the current study be conducted on mothers with children with Down syndrome disorders, mental-motor disabilities, and autism levels (mild, moderate, and severe), and its results be compared with the current study. Also, considering that a review of articles was used to develop a therapeutic intervention package based on the healthy human theory, it is suggested that future studies, through interviews with parents of children with autism spectrum disorder, develop a more specific package that is in line with the problems of parents. In general, according to the results of the study, it is suggested that these interventions be included in the mental health programs of exceptional children's centers as preventive and promoting strategies for the mental health of parents, especially mothers with exceptional children. Also, the trustees of psychological centers and statistical survey health centers in order to identify families with autistic children or other psychological disorders can use these interventions to hold training courses and psychotherapy workshops for members of families with autistic children. Method The current study used a combination of sequential exploratory method. In the qualitative section, Atride Stirling (2001) comparative thematic analysis method was used to compile and validate the package. The research community includes all related articles in the field of the healthy human approach and interventions that were performed on mothers with autistic children. The research community reached theoretical saturation with a total of 52 studies based on the inclusion criteria. Also, the agreement between 6 psychologists was considered to determine the Content Validity Ratio (CVR). Finally, the coefficient of the evaluators turned to be 0.88. Research method in the quantitative part included a three-stage, three-group semi-experimental design, which included 14 people in each group, taking into account statistical attrition. The statistical population in both the pilot study and the main study included all the mothers of children with autism spectrum disorders who had referred to autism centers in Isfahan in July 2022. The data in all three stages were collected by means of Rezaeidehnavi et al (2010) Social stigma scale and Toronto Ataxia Scale (TAS-20). The package of positive psychotherapy according to Rashid and Seligman (2013) was implemented during 8 sessions and the therapeutic intervention package based on the healthy human theory was implemented during 9 sessions of 90 minutes each. Results The results of the content analysis of the qualitative section reached 18 basic themes with 8 organizing ones (satisfaction and enjoyment of life, loving the creatures and self, metacognition, peace, happiness, hope, continuity and meaning). The therapeutic intervention package was based on their frequency. After the compilation and final approval of the therapeutic intervention package, a pilot (preliminary) study was conducted. The results of the study showed that the difference between the mean scores of the pre-test and post-test in the variables of social hotness and dyslexia in the preliminary sample of the study are significantly different(p≤0.05). Descriptive findings indicated that the average of social anxiety and aphasia in the intervention groups (positive psychotherapy and therapeutic intervention package based on the healthy human theory) has a greater decrease in the post-test and follow-up stages than the pre-test compared to the control group. The findings of the analysis of variance with repeated measurements showed that both therapeutic intervention packages reduced social stigma and emotional malaise in mothers with children on the autism spectrum, and this effectiveness was sustained during the follow-up phase (p≥0.05). Table 1. The results of the analysis of between-subject effects in the study variables statistical power eta p F mean squares df sum of squares Source variable .82 .223 .007 5.59 6431.46 2 12862.92 group social stigma 1150.08 39 44853.04 error .99 .381 .001 77.99 1680.80 2 3361.61 group emotional malaise 140.11 39 5464.45 error Conclusion: Considering the limitations of the study based on generalizations due to the limited population, it is suggested that the current study be conducted on mothers with children with Down syndrome disorders, mental-motor disabilities, and autism levels (mild, moderate, and severe), and its results be compared with the current study. Also, considering that a review of articles was used to develop a therapeutic intervention package based on the healthy human theory, it is suggested that future studies, through interviews with parents of children with autism spectrum disorder, develop a more specific package that is in line with the problems of parents. In general, according to the results of the study, it is suggested that these interventions be included in the mental health programs of exceptional children's centers as preventive and promoting strategies for the mental health of parents, especially mothers with exceptional children. Also, the trustees of psychological centers and statistical survey health centers in order to identify families with autistic children or other psychological disorders can use these interventions to hold training courses and psychotherapy workshops for members of families with autistic children. پژوهش حاضر در راستای تدوین بستۀ مداخله درمانی مبتنی بر نظریۀ انسان سالم و مقایسۀ اثربخشی آن با روان‌درمانی مثبت‌نگر بر داغ اجتماعی و ناگویی خلقی مادران دارای کودک با اختلال اتیسم انجام شد. روش این پژوهش، ترکیبی از نوع اکتشافی متوالی است. در بخش کیفی برای تدوین و اعتبارسنجی بسته از روش تحلیل مضمون قیاسی آتراید استرلینگ (2001) استفاده شد. جامعۀ پژوهش شامل تمام مقالات مرتبط در زمینۀ رویکرد انسان سالم و مداخلاتی بود که بر روی مادران دارای کودک با اختلال اتیسم انجام شده بود که تعداد آن به‌طور هدفمند و براساس ملاک‌های ورود درمجموع با 52 پژوهش به اشباع نظری رسید؛ همچنین از توافق بین 6 نفر از متخصصان روان‌شناسی برای تعیین روایی محتوایی استفاده شد که درنهایت، پایایی بین ارزیاب‌ها 88/0 به دست آمد. نتایج تحلیل مضمون نشان‌دهندۀ این بود که 18 مضمون پایه در 8 مضمون سازمان‌دهنده (رضایت و لذت‌بردن از زندگی، دوست‌داشتن مخلوق و خود، فراشناخت، آرامش، شادی، امید، جاری‌بودن و معنا) به دست آمد و بستۀ مداخله درمانی براساس فراوانی آنها تدوین شد. روش پژوهش در بخش کمی شامل طرح نیمه آزمایشی سه گروهی- سه مرحله‌ای بود که درنهایت، در هر گروه با احتساب ریزش آماری 14 نفر قرار گرفتند. جامعۀ آماری هم در مطالعۀ پایلوت و هم در بخش مطالعه اصلی نیز شامل کلیۀ مادران کودکان مبتلا به اختلال اتیسم مراجعه‌کننده به مراکز اتیسم در سطح شهر اصفهان در تیرماه سال 1401 بود. داده‌ها در هر سه مرحله با پرسشنامۀ مقیاس داغ اجتماعی رضایی دهنوی و همکاران (۱۳۸۸)، مقیاس ناگویی هیجانی تورنتو (20-TAS) گردآوری شد. بستۀ روان‌درمانی مثبت‌نگر رشید و سلیگمن (2013) طی 8 جلسه و بستۀ مداخله درمانی مبتنی بر نظریۀ انسان سالم طی 9 جلسۀ‌ 90 دقیقه‌ای اجرا شد. یافته‌های تحلیل واریانس با اندازه‌گیری مکرر نشان‌دهندۀ آن بود که هر دو بستۀ مداخله درمانی مبتنی بر نظریۀ انسان سالم و روان‌درمانی مثبت‌نگر باعث کاهش داغ اجتماعی و ناگویی خلقی مادران دارای کودک با اختلال اتیسم شده و این اثربخشی در طول زمان ماندگار بوده است (05/0≥p)؛ درنتیجه بین اثربخشی دو بستۀ مداخله درمانی در مرحلۀ پس‌آزمون و پیگیری تفاوت معناداری وجود نداشت و از این مداخلات درمانی برای بهبود داغ اجتماعی و ناگویی خلقی مادران دارای فرزند مبتلا به اتیسم استفاده می‌شود.

https://cbs.ui.ac.ir/article_28345_eedbf19fc0c48eb805c3922d9e04f3b7.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان پژوهش های علوم شناختی و رفتاری 2251-7642 13 1 2023 08 23 Compilation of Premarital Educational-Counseling Package for Girls with Divorced Parents on the Brink of Marriage Based on Iranian Culture تدوین بسته آموزشی‌ـ‌مشاوره‌ای پیش از ازدواج برای دختران در آستانه ازدواج دارای طلاق والدینی براساس فرهنگ ایرانی 71 94 28057 10.22108/cbs.2023.137162.1750 FA فهیمه باهنر دانشجوی دکتری رشتۀ مشاوره، گروه مشاوره، دانشکدۀ روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران. . عذرا اعتمادی استاد مشاوره دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران کیوان صالحی دانشیار، گروه روش‌ها و برنامه‌ریزی درسی و آموزشی، دانشکدۀ روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه تهران، تهران، ایران. 0000-0001-8673-4248 Journal Article 2023 03 20 This study was conducted to compile a premarital counseling package for girls on the brink of marriage whose parents are divorced. The current study was applied and conducted based on a mixed-methods research design. For this purpose, a qualitative systematic review was initially conducted, and then the descriptive survey was used. Since the initial stage of every systematic review includes a complete and regular search of the existing literature, Persian articles published from 2012 to 2022 were selected. Finally, 12 articles were investigated by searching Mag-Iran, SID, Irandoc, and Comprehensive Portal of Human Sciences databases. Also, the revised PRISMA2020 checklist was used to evaluate the quality of the studies, and all 12 studies possessed the necessary quality to enter the systematic review. An educational counseling package including various techniques and concepts was compiled by reviewing the literature. Besides, ten experts in the field of counseling were selected based on availability to check the content validity. The findings of the qualitative phase showed three major negative psychological, sociological, and family experiences. Finally, the findings of the quantitative phase resulted in developing the content of counseling sessions in twelve weekly sessions of 60-90 minutes. Its content validity and Kappa agreement coefficient were .8 and .71, respectively. It can be said that the premarital educational counseling package has appropriate validity and is suggested to be used for girls with divorced parents. Introduction Parental divorce often has many negative consequences for children, which in some cases cause significant developmental defects. Such consequences are evident in the emotional, psychological, educational, social, and interpersonal development of children, most of which continue into adulthood. (Rhoades et al., 2012). In particular, adult children of divorce may experience a loss of emotional support, change in financial status, loss of social network, change in physical and mental health (Heidecker, 2019), loss of social relationships and marriage opportunities (Brown, 2020). In the meantime, the issue of gender is also influential. The results of a study indicate that women face more post-divorce challenges than men (Sadeghi Fasaei & Isari, 2012). Therefore, the attitude of young people with the experience of parental divorce towards marriage and divorce, especially in girls, might be affected (Weigel, 2007). Also, it can play a vital role in the individuals’ preparation and increase their information about choosing a spouse, reducing incorrect decision-making (Markman & Rhoades, 2012). Therefore, it is necessary for the children of divorce who have not seen such issues in their parents’ lives and are probably not familiar with them to take steps towards self-awareness. On the other hand, the increase in the divorce rate in Iran necessitates the development of preventive interventions to prevent marital disturbances and reduce the divorce rate. For this reason, organizations such as universities, welfare and justice organizations, and sports and youth organizations can benefit from the findings of this study. In terms of research, universities and higher education institutions can benefit from the findings and guidelines of this study to achieve more stable results in terms of the effects of parental divorce on youth. In addition, in terms of methodology, the present research investigates this program adopting qualitative and quantitative methods to compensate for the shortcomings in this area. It can also provide a basis for adult girls of divorced parents to receive the required premarital education. This kind of counseling service is provided to improve the quality of life of adult girls with parental divorce to have a healthy marriage, taking into account the potential of the Iranian families’ culture. In other words, an attempt was made in this study to answer these questions according to the local literature: 1.what are the experiences of adult children with parental divorce? What are the features of the premarital educational counseling package for adult girls with divorced parents on the brink of marriage? Method The current study is applied in terms of purpose and conducted based on a mixed-methods research design to compile a package. First, the qualitative method of systematic review and then the descriptive survey quantitative method were used. Since the initial stage of every systematic review includes a complete and regular search of the existing literature, all valid Persian articles and theses published from 2012 to 2022 were considered, and finally, 12 studies were selected by searching the databases of Mag-Iran, SID, Irandoc and Comprehensive Portal of Human Sciences. Also, the revised PRISMA2020 checklist was used to evaluate the quality of the studies, and all the 12 studies that possessed the necessary quality to enter the systematic review were analyzed. An educational counseling package including various techniques and concepts was compiled by reviewing the literature. Besides, ten experts in the field of counseling were selected based on convenience sampling to check the content validity. Results The 12 selected studies included a total number of 508 participants and 120 references. Six studies (50%) were quantitative, two (16.66%) were mixed-methods, and four (33.33%) were qualitative. The thematic analysis of the studies is discussed in the following table. Table 1: Main themes and sub-themes of research systematic review in Children of divorce Main themes sub-themes Negative psychological experiences Negative communication style Psychological disorders Emotional problems Cognitive problems Behavioral problems Marriage problems Negative sociological experiences Financial Problems Educational-occupational problems Cultural problems Negative family experiences Instability of the family environment Family breakup The thematic analysis led to the identification of three main themes and 11 sub-themes. The content of counseling sessions was prepared in twelve weekly sessions for 60-90 minutes based on the themes obtained. After compiling the package, its content was given to ten experts. The index of content validity ratio of the educational package for girls of divorced parents obtained by Lawshe (1975) was 0.8, which was acceptable. Also, the content validity index estimated by Waltz, Strickland, and Lenz (2010) was 0.8. Regarding the reliability of the preventive program, a higher agreement coefficient means a higher reliability. The Kappa coefficient was used to measure the level of experts’ agreement on the whole program, indicating 71% agreement between raters, i.e., acceptable inter-rater reliability. Discussion The purpose of this study was to study the research background of adult children with parental divorce and to develop a premarital educational counseling package for girls with parental divorce on the brink of marriage from the experts’ perspective. Regarding the themes obtained from studies, the first theme, i.e., negative psychological experiences, included negative communication style, psychological disorders, emotional problems, cognitive problems, behavioral problems, and marriage problems. Self-awareness, differentiation, attributional styles, self-expression, and marriage preparation were taught during the package compilation to solve the mentioned problems. In other words, previous studies revealed little trust in relationships, low commitment in relationships, incompatibility in relationships, avoidance of relationships, and difficulty in establishing future relationships in adult children of divorce (Segage, 2021). Also, psychological disorders such as anxiety disorder (Michaud, 2020) and depression along with emotional problems such as sadness and jealousy (Segage, 2021), confusion, distress, and loneliness (Schaan et al., 2019) are seen in children of divorce. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent negative attributions and behaviors such as delinquent behavior, isolation and revenge, domestic violence and anger, and marriage problems such as low stability in romantic relationships, lack of expectation for the formation of a romantic relationship, fear from marriage, caution in marriage, strictness in choosing a spouse. Overall, findings indicated that children of divorce have negative experiences that affect individual functions, including behavioral, cognitive, emotional, physical, communication, family, and sociological functions such as financial, occupational, and cultural. In fact, childhood experiences and maturity changes provided the ground for the transfer of insecure attachment to adult romantic relationships. However, if the children receive counseling sessions, they will have better feelings and more prosperous relationships. Therefore, attending to this vulnerable group and developing counseling packages for social support was necessary, which was addressed in the present study. این پژوهش با هدف تدوین بستۀ آموزشی‌ـ‌مشاوره‌ای پیش از ازدواج برای دختران در آستانۀ ازدواج دارای طلاق والدینی انجام شد. پژوهش حاضر ازنظر هدفْ کاربردی و براساس طرح پژوهش آمیخته از نوع تدوین ابزار است. ابتدا از روش کیفی مرور نظام‌مند و سپس از روش کمّی پیمایشی‌توصیفی استفاده شد. ازآنجاکه مرحلۀ ابتدایی هر مرور نظام‌مند شامل جست‌وجوی کامل و منظم پیشینۀ موجود است، میدان پژوهشی موردمطالعه کلیۀ مقالات معتبر و پایان‌نامه‌های چاپ‌شده از سال 1391 تا سال 1401 به‌زبان فارسی بود که درنهایت 12 پژوهش با جست‌وجو در پایگاه‌های مگ‌ایران، پایگاه علمی جهاد دانشگاهی، پژوهشگاه علوم و فناوری اطلاعات ایران و پرتال جامع علوم انسانی بررسی شد. همچنین، برای ارزیابی کیفیت مطالعات از فهرست‌وارسی تعدیل‌شدۀ PRISMA2020 استفاده شد و تمام 12 پژوهش کیفیت لازم برای ورود به مرور نظام‌مند را داشتند. در ادامه، برای تدوین بسته برمبنای مرور پیشینۀ مطالعات، بستۀ آموزشی‌ـ‌مشاوره‌ای شامل تکنیک‌ها و مفاهیم مختلف تدوین شد. 10 نفر از صاحب‌نظران حوزۀ مشاوره به‌منظور بررسی روایی محتوایی بسته به‌صورت دردسترس انتخاب شدند. یافته‌ها در بخش کیفی نشان‌دهندۀ سه تجربۀ مهم روان‌شناختی منفی، جامعه‌شناختی منفی و خانوادگی منفی بود. درنهایت، محتوای جلسات مشاوره‌ای در دوازده جلسۀ هفتگی به‌مدت 90-60 دقیقه تنظیم شد. بررسی شاخص روایی محتوایی 8/۰ و ضریب توافق کاپا 71/۰ به دست آمد. می‌توان گفت بستۀ آموزشی‌ـ‌مشاوره‌ای پیش از ازدواج از روایی لازم برخوردار است و استفاده آن برای دختران فرزند طلاق بزرگسال پیشنهاد می‌شود.

https://cbs.ui.ac.ir/article_28057_395cc08be90d725355c6705471753619.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان پژوهش های علوم شناختی و رفتاری 2251-7642 13 1 2023 08 23 Effectiveness of Dialectical Behavior Therapy on Emotion Regulation and Health Anxiety in Asthma Patients اثربخشی رفتاردرمانی دیالکتیک بر تنظیم هیجان و اضطراب سلامت بیماران مبتلا به آسم 95 110 28396 10.22108/cbs.2024.137114.1746 FA شیرین خیاطی کارشناسی ارشد، گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران. ناهید اکرمی استادیار، گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران. حمید رضا عریضی سامانی استاد، گروه روان شناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان شناسی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران بابک امرا استاد، بخش ریه، مرکز تحقیقات تنفس و خواب بامداد و گروه داخلی، دانشکده‌ی پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران. Journal Article 2023 03 14 The aim of this study was to investigate effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy on emotion regulation and health anxiety in patients with asthma in Isfahan. Research design was quasi-experimental with experimental and control groups and statistical population included all patients who referred to Khorshid Hospital. In this community, 22 patients with asthma were selected by convenient sampling. They were randomly assigned into the experimental and the control groups. The intervention method of dialectical behavior therapy was performed for experimental group during eight treatment sessions. Both groups were evaluated in pre-test and post-test phases using the emotion regulation and the health anxiety questionnaire. The data was analyzed using covariance analysis method. The results showed that there was a significant difference in emotion regulation variables in reappraisal subscale between experimental and control groups, but there was no significant difference in the suppression subscale. Regarding health anxiety, there was also a significant difference between two groups. Based on research findings, dialectical behavior therapy can lead to improvement of emotion regulation and health anxiety in patients with asthma. Therefore, this intervention is used as an effective treatment in improving these symptoms. Introduction Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease (Maierean et al., 2019). The overlap of psychiatric symptoms has a negative impact on quality of life of patients with asthma (Normansell et al., 2018). Emotion regulation is a psychological component that plays a significant role in psychological vulnerability of patients with asthma (Hughes et al., 2011). Negative emotional states and emotion regulation problems can lead to the exacerbation and increase of asthma symptoms (Leupoldt et al., 2013). Another component related to psychological vulnerability of asthmatics is the health anxiety (Ten Thoren & Petermann, 2000). Health anxiety is common in people with asthma and has a significant impact on their disease management and symptom perception (Burrows & Mason, 2004). Considering that asthma is a disease consisting of several physical, psychological and social factors; it seems that psychological treatments along with drug treatments can be effective in reducing disease symptoms (Baiardini et al., 2015). Among treatment methods, dialectical behavior therapy seems to be effective in improving symptoms of asthma patients (Linehan, 2020). This treatment is an integrative treatment method in which patient is taught to identify contradictions within or between himself and the environment and achieve an efficient result through their combination and integration (Long & Witterholt, 2013). In recent years, dialectical behavior therapy has been used in a relatively diverse range of disorders (Lin et al., 2019). Finally, since patients with asthma show higher levels of negative emotions, anxiety, stress and excessive attention to symptoms, it is important to search for more novel and different psychological treatments for patients (González-Freire et al., 2020)). Therefore, the present study was conducted with the aim of the effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy on emotion regulation and health anxiety in patients with asthma. Method The research design was quasi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test and two experimental and control groups. The statistical population of the present study was all patients with asthma who referred to Khorshid Hospital, Isfahan. Twenty-two people were selected through convenience sampling. They were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The research tools were the emotion regulation questionnaire (Gross & John, 2003) and the health anxiety questionnaire (Salkovskis et al., 2002). Individuals in experimental group underwent dialectical behavior therapy for eight sessions based on protocol of McKay et al. (2007/2011). Finally, SPSS software was used to analyze covariance method. Results Multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was used to investigate effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy on emotion regulation. In order to investigate the difference between the groups in each of components of emotion regulation, a between-subjects test was used. Results of the test are presented in Table 1. Table 1: Test of inter-subject effects to compare emotional regulation components of experimental and control groups in post-test Variable Level Sum of squares df Mean of squares F p Effect size suppression Pre-test 0/179 1 0/179 0/170 0/685 0/009 Between subject 0/277 1 0/277 0/263 0/614 0/014 error 20/014 19 1/053 reappraisal Pre-test 0/011 1 0/011 0/012 0/912 0/001 Between subject 6/527 1 6/527 7/208 0/015 0/275 error 17/204 19 0/905 As can be seen in Table 1, pre-test variable is not significant for any of the components of emotion regulation variable (p>0.05). Also, after removing pre-test effect, there was no significant difference between the control and the experimental groups in suppression variable, but in reappraisal component, the difference between control and experimental groups was significant at the level of 0.05 (p<0.05). In order to investigate effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy on health anxiety, univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used. Based on results of covariance analysis (Table 2) to compare health anxiety in experimental and control groups (Table 2), the F value obtained is equal to 8.209 and is significant at level of 0.01 (P < 0.01). Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected and the research hypothesis that there is a difference between average scores of health anxiety in experimental and control groups is confirmed. Table 2: Results of covariance analysis to compare health anxiety in experimental group and control group level Sum of squares df Mean of squares F sig Effect size Pre-test 0/068 1 0/068 0/232 0/635 0/012 Between subject 2/414 1 2/414 8/209 0/01 0/302 error 5/586 19 0/294 Discussion The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the effect of dialectical behavior therapy on emotion regulation and health anxiety in patients with asthma. The results of the study regarding variables of emotion regulation showed that dialectical behavior therapy had an effect on reappraisal component, but it did not have any effects on the suppression variable. The findings of the present study are in line with the results of Rodríguez (2012), Zhukava & Shot (2013) and Plourde et al. (2017). In explaining the results, it can be said that during the dialectical behavior therapy, patients were able to identify their emotions in stressful situations and become aware of them. In this situation, a person can re-evaluate the situation that caused him stress and anxiety and examine it in a more positive way. In suppression component, no significant difference was observed between two groups, because during the treatment, the person is taught to observe emotions instead of ignoring them, and to regulate their emotions. In this way, the conditions of dialectical behavior therapy are different from what is seen in suppression. Based on the obtained results, dialectical behavior therapy is effective on health anxiety of asthmatic patients. The findings of present study are in line with results of Feldman et al. (2014) and Boudreau et al. (2015) research. In people with asthma, because anxiety sensitivity increases attention to physical symptoms, one skill that was used in this stage for people with asthma was the ability to tolerate disturbance. By training to tolerate disturbance and identifying harmful coping thoughts, this group of patients were taught to deal with their pain in healthier ways which brought about anxiety sensitivity and consequently catastrophic interpretation of symptoms. Also, by doing mindfulness exercises, patients learn to recognize their physical states, especially their breathing states, and to control their states if they feel difficulty in breathing instead of misinterpreting these symptoms. In line with limitations of the study, including the sample size and limitation of the sample members, it is suggested that study be repeated in a larger sample and in other communities. Also, considering effectiveness of dialectical behavior therapy on emotional regulation and health anxiety in asthmatic patients, it is suggested to use intervention as a complementary treatment in medical centers and hospitals. باتوجه‌به شیوع هم‌زمان اختلالات روانی در بیماران مبتلا به آسم، درمان‌های روان‌شناختی می‌تواند سهم بسزایی در بهبود علائم روان‌شناختی این افراد داشته باشد؛ بنابراین، هدف پژوهش، بررسی اثربخشی رفتاردرمانی دیالکتیک بر تنظیم هیجان و اضطراب سلامت بیماران مبتلا به آسم شهر اصفهان بود. طرح پژوهش شبه‌آزمایشی با گروه آزمایش و کنترل بود و جامعۀ آماری شامل کلیۀ بیماران مراجعه‌کننده به بیمارستان خورشید با تشخیص بیماری آسم بودند. در این جامعه، ۲۲ بیمار مبتلا به آسم با روش نمونه‌گیری دردَسترس انتخاب و به‌صورت تصادفی در دو گروه آزمایش و کنترل گمارده شدند. روش مداخلۀ رفتاردرمانی دیالکتیک برای گروه آزمایش در طی هشت جلسۀ درمانی انجام شد و گروه کنترل و آزمایش در مراحل پیش‌آزمون و پس‌آزمون با استفاده از پرسشنامۀ تنظیم هیجان و اضطراب سلامت ارزیابی شدند. داده‌های پژوهش با استفاده از روش تحلیل کوواریانس تحلیل شد. مطابق نتایج پژوهش در متغیر تنظیم هیجان در زیرمقیاس ارزیابی مجدد بین دو گروه آزمایش و کنترل تفاوت معنادار وجود داشت؛ اما در زیرمقیاس سرکوبی، تفاوت معناداری وجود نداشت. در متغیر اضطراب سلامت نیز تفاوت معناداری بین دو گروه آزمایش و کنترل وجود داشت. براساس یافته‌های پژوهش، می‌توان گفت که رفتاردرمانی دیالکتیک می‌تواند به بهبود تنظیم هیجان و اضطراب سلامت در بیماران مبتلا به آسم منجر شود؛ بنابراین، این مداخله به‌عنوان درمانی مؤثر در بهبود این نشانه‌ها کاربرد دارد و می‌توان با اجرای آن به بهبود وضعیت روانی مبتلایان به آسم کمک کرد.

https://cbs.ui.ac.ir/article_28396_822c84736e41b8c05cc28925a39b63bc.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان پژوهش های علوم شناختی و رفتاری 2251-7642 13 1 2023 08 23 The Effectiveness of the Schema Therapy on Conflict Resolution Management in Women with Suicidal Thoughts اثربخشی طرح‌واره درمانی بر مدیریت حل تعارض زنان دارای افکار خودکشی 111 126 27706 10.22108/cbs.2023.135136.1687 FA شادی پنجه پور دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد، روان‌شناسی بالینی، گروه روان‌شناسی، واحد نائین، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نائین، ایران. فاطمه سادات طباطبائی نژاد استادیار، گروه روان‌شناسی، واحد نائین، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، نائین، ایران. Journal Article 2022 10 17 Suicide is one of the most important indicators of mental health in a society, and many economic, social, psychological and individual factors are involved in its occurrence. The aim of this research was investigation the effectiveness of schema therapy approach on conflict resolution management in women with suicidal thoughts referred to Khurshid Hospital in Isfahan. The research design was a semi-experimental pre-test post-test type with a control group. The statistical population included all of the women with suicidal thoughts in Isfahan city. Sampling was done by simple random method and 30 women with suicidal thoughts referred to Khurshid Hospital were selected, and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The measurement instrument included the Robbins’ Conflict Management Style Questionnaire. The experimental group received package of Young et al’ schema therapy training package in 8 sessions twice a week. The duration of the sessions was 90 minutes. The results of Covariance Analysis showed that schema therapy approach was effective on the conflict management of women with suicidal thoughts and this therapy approach was able to improve the dimensions of conflict resolution styles including control, circuit solution, and non-confrontation. Improve competition in women with suicidal thoughts in the post-test stage. The results indicate that schema therapy approach is effective in improving communication and correct management of conflict resolution in women with suicidal thoughts. As a result, it is possible to prevent this social harm to some extent by holding group therapy sessions for these women. Introduction Suicide is considered one of the most important indicators of mental health of a society, which is caused by several factors, such as age, gender, marital status, economic factors, family, substance abuse, conflict and divorce between parents, lack of social support, and physical unemployment and Psychological factors, especially depression, are involved in this issue (Kwan et al., 2021). Women constitute almost half of the people in a society, and statistics show that the rate of suicide attempts in women is three times that of men, but the rate of success in suicide is four times that of women (Kochanek & Smith, 2004). People with suicidal thoughts are those who intellectually or in the form of mental rumination are involved with the concepts of suicide, death, worthlessness of life and self, but have not acted on it (Khosravi, 2011). Psychologists believe that suicide is related to weak self-confidence and feelings of emptiness in humans (Chang et al., 2021). However, humans are social creatures, and investigating the causes and social factors of suicide and what happens in interpersonal communication is also of great importance. People have different communication methods, aspirations, political and religious views, and cultural backgrounds. In different societies, the existence of such differences leads to the creation of differences between individuals and groups (Robbins, 1983/2011). Conflict resolution styles are responses or a set of patterned behaviors that people use when dealing with conflict and disagreement (Hocker, 2000). Schema therapy, with the aim of helping to form a healthy mentality, is one of the fundamental methods of psychotherapy to help people face stressful situations and act in the best way to solve the problem (Karkanis et al., 2017). Moazeni et al., (2017) found in their study that schema therapy reduces the intensity of depressive symptoms and suicidal thoughts in patients with resistant depression. The research results of Wojcik et al., (2022) showed that schema therapy reduced depressive symptoms and improved maladaptive schemas in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder (Wojcik et al., 2022). Regarding the relationship between schema therapy and conflict resolution management, Alami et al.'s research (2019) showed that schema therapy has led to the reduction of conflicts in couples applying for divorce. Also, Qanatir's research (2021) showed that schema therapy improves conflict resolution styles and increases empathy in conflicted couples. This research was aimed at this goal; Determining the effectiveness of the schema therapy approach on conflict resolution management methods (including control, circuit solution and non-confrontation) in women with suicidal thoughts referring to Khorshid Shahr Hospital in Isfahan. Method The design of this research was a semi-experimental pre-test-post-test type with a control group. Sampling was done by simple random method and 30 women with suicidal thoughts referred to Khorshid Hospital of Isfahan in 1400 were selected and randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The experimental group received schema therapy intervention (Young et al., 2003) for 8 sessions of 90 minutes twice a week, and the control group did not receive any intervention. Robbins’ Conflict Management Style Questionnaire (1994): This questionnaire was created by Robbins in 1994 and has 30 questions and five conflict management methods in the dimensions of control strategy (competition), non-confrontation and non-confrontation (avoidance) and solution orientation (cooperation and compromise) in a 7-option Likert scale. It measures from always=1 to never=7 (Robbins, 1994). Results Descriptive findings including the mean and standard deviation of the conflict management variable and its dimensions (control, orbital solution and non-confrontation) in the pre-test and post-test phases for the experimental and control groups are given in Table 1. Table 1. Mean, standard deviation of conflict management and its dimensions in experimental and control groups Control Examination Statistical indicators Subscales Standard deviation Average Standard deviation Average the level 21/35 115/93 19/31 115/66 Pre- test conflict resolution 20/56 115/80 16/88 127/86 Post-test 9/27 27/80 9/08 27/93 Pre- test control 9/28 27/93 6/37 31/33 Post-test 14/53 41/33 11/48 41/13 Pre- test circuit solution 14/03 41/40 10/12 45/60 Post-test 12/16 46/80 8/66 46/60 Pre- test non-confrontation 12/09 46/46 6/67 50/93 Post-test Before univariate covariance analysis, scores of conflict management variables and its dimensions were tested for normality and homogeneity of variances. The results of the Kolmgrove-Smirnov test showed that the variables of conflict management and dimensions of control, orbital solution and non-confrontation were significantly 0.2, 0.2, 0.09 and 0.2 in the experimental group and 0.2, 0.2 respectively. 0, 0.2 and 0.1 in the control group, which are all higher than 0.05, have a normal distribution. Also, the results of Levin's test showed that the variables of conflict management and dimensions of control, orbital solution and non-confrontation with significance of 0.199, 0.051, 0.057 and 0.151 respectively, which are all higher than 0.05. They have the homogeneity of variances in both experimental and control groups. The findings of covariance analysis showed that there is a significant difference between the women of the experimental and control groups at the level of P<0.001 and P<0.05 in the two stages of pre-test and post-test regarding the general variable of conflict resolution management methods and its dimensions including control, circuit solution and non-confrontation and considering that the average score of conflict resolution management and its dimensions in the experimental group is higher than the average of the control group in the post-test, this difference is in favor of the experimental group. That is, the schema therapy approach has been able to improve conflict management and its dimensions in women with suicidal thoughts referring to Khorshid Hospital in Isfahan in the post-test phase, and the amount of this effect for the variables of conflict resolution management, control, circuit solution and non-confrontation It was equal to 0.47, 0.205, 0.254 and 0.582 respectively (P>0.001) and (P>0.05). Table 2. Results of Univariate covariance analysis (ANCOVA) for the effect of schema therapy on conflict management and its dimensions Variable Source Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig Eta Statistical Power conflict resolution Pre- test 8384.690 1 8384.690 162.981 0.001 0.867 1 Post-test 1131.991 1 1131.991 22.004 0.001 0.468 0.995 control Pre- test 1011.412 1 1011.412 80.311 0.001 0.763 1 Post-test 81.326 1 81.326 6.458 0.018 0.205 0.685 circuit solution Pre- test 2989.546 1 2989.546 176.181 0.001 0.876 1 Post-test 144.462 1 144.462 8.513 0.007 0.254 0.801 non-confrontation Pre- test 2058.619 1 2058.619 442.692 0.001 0.947 1 Post-test 161.735 1 161.735 34.780 0.001 0.582 1 Discussion and conclusion This research was conducted with the aim of determining the effectiveness of the schema therapy approach on conflict resolution management methods and its dimensions in women with suicidal thoughts referring to Khorshid Hospital in Isfahan. The findings showed that schema therapy intervention has a positive effect on conflict resolution management and its dimensions including control (competition), circuit solution (cooperation and compromise) and non-confrontation (avoidance) (Table 1). These findings are consistent with the results of scientific researches by Alami et al. (2019); Qanatir (2021); Ghovati et al. (2017); Moazeni et al. (2018); Arora (2021); and Wojcik et al., (2022). Usually, the inconsistent nature of schemas appears when people act in their life process and in interaction with others in such a way that their schemas are confirmed, even if their initial impression is incorrect (Tashke et al., 2018). In explaining the effectiveness of the educational intervention of schema therapy on the conflict resolution management of women with suicidal thoughts referring to Khorshid Hospital, Isfahan, it can be said that this perspective, by providing and facilitating insight into the deep roots of current behaviors in these women, increases their awareness and insight into the importance of schemas and Their role increases in maintaining interpersonal problem-causing situations. These people by clarifying the evolutionary roots of each schema, these people realize that the cause of their current behavior is the thoughts and attitudes that have been created in them before and can be changed with training and special solutions. As a result of these findings, it can be explained that schema therapy causes conflict resolution management in women with suicidal thoughts. One of the limitations of this research is that the statistical community and sample of this research is limited to women with suicidal thoughts referring to Khurshid Shahr Hospital in Isfahan, as a result, caution should be observed in generalizing the results to other women and communities. Based on the results of this research, it is recommended that schema therapy workshops and sessions be held for women with suicidal thoughts referring to Khurshid Hospital, and by improving the schemas and communication skills of these women, an effective step can be taken to help ensure the health of the society. خودکشی، از مهم‌ترین شاخص‌های بهداشت روانی یک جامعه محسوب می‌شود و عوامل متعدد اقتصادی، اجتماعی، روانی در بروز آن دخیل هستند. این پژوهش با هدف بررسی اثربخشی رویکرد طرح‌واره درمانی بر مدیریت حل تعارض در زنان دارای افکار خودکشی مراجعه‌کننده به بیمارستان خورشید اصفهان انجام شد. طرح پژوهش نیمه‌آزمایشی از نوع پیش‌آزمون-پس‌آزمون با گروه کنترل بود. جامعۀ آماری شامل کلیۀ زنان دارای افکار خودکشی مراجعه‌کننده به بیمارستان خورشید در شهر اصفهان بود. نمونه‌گیری به روش تصادفی ساده انجام شد و 30 زن دارای افکار خودکشی مراجعه‌کننده به بیمارستان خورشید اصفهان در سال 1400 انتخاب و به‌صورت تصادفی به گروه‌های آزمایش و کنترل گمارده شدند. ابزار سنجش شامل پرسشنامۀ سبک مدیریت تعارض بود. گروه آزمایش در هشت جلسه به‌صورت هفته‌ای دو بار بستۀ آموزشی طرح‌واره درمانی را دریافت کردند. طول مدت جلسات 90 دقیقه بود. نتایج تحلیل کوواریانس نشان‌دهندۀ آن بود که رویکرد طرح‌واره‌ درمانی بر مدیریت تعارض زنان دارای افکار خودکشی اثربخش بوده است و این رویکرد درمانی توانسته است، ابعاد حل تعارض شامل کنترل، راه‌‌حل مداری و عدم رویارویی را در زنان دارای افکار خودکشی در مرحله پس‌آزمون بهبود بخشد. نتایج پژوهش حاکی از آن بود که رویکرد طرح‌واره درمانی بر بهبود ارتباطات و مدیریت صحیح شیوه‌های حل تعارض در زنان دارای افکار خودکشی مؤثر بود؛ درنتیجه با برگزاری جلسات گروهی طرح‌واره درمانی برای این زنان تا حدودی از این آسیب اجتماعی جلوگیری می‌شود.

https://cbs.ui.ac.ir/article_27706_333c85af15f1dcda8288ff51004a9f36.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان پژوهش های علوم شناختی و رفتاری 2251-7642 13 1 2023 08 23 Does providing information on narcotics lead to a positive attitude towards smoking? Considerations of the principle of perceptual contrast ارائه اطلاعات دربارۀ مواد مخدر باعث نگرش مثبت به سیگار می‌شود؟ 127 144 28139 10.22108/cbs.2024.137070.1742 FA اشرف‌سادات موسوی استادیار گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه حضرت معصومه(س)، قم، ایران. محمدعلی نکویی‌منش کارشناسی ارشد روان‌شناسی، گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکده روان‌شناسی و علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران. محمدرضا مسجدی فوق‌تخصص بیماری‌های ریوی، مرکز تحقیقات کنترل دخانیات، جمعیت مبارزه با استعمال دخانیات ایران. تهران، ایران. Journal Article 2023 03 13 The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of perceptual contrast on smoking attitudes by providing information about narcotics to individuals. A semi-experimental method was used with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. 45 smokers and 45 non-smokers were purposefully selected as samples from male undergraduate and graduate students of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran and Allameh Tabatabai universities. The Implicit Association Test (IAT) and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28) were used. Participants were divided into two groups of smokers and non-smokers, based on the results of the smoking addiction questionnaire. Then, each group was randomly divided into three groups including text intervention, film intervention, and control. The participants in the experimental groups received information during three sessions, but the control group did not. Information was provided to the experimental groups in the form of text intervention (a printed text) and film intervention (a documentary film). At the first and end of the intervention, participants’ attitudes toward smoking were reassessed, and two weeks later, to follow up on results. Then, the obtained data were analyzed through Mixed Anova. The research findings showed that the presentation of information about drugs, by establishing perceptual contrast made attitudes toward smoking positive. The differences between smoking and non-smoking and the difference between experimental groups (film and booklet) was significant. The result was confirmation about the principle of perceptual contrast, that means providing information about drugs, according to the principle of perceptual contrast, creates a more positive attitude towards smoking. This change in attitude remained almost stable over time and was confirmed in both groups of smokers and non-smokers and in both groups of intervention with booklet and intervention with film. Attitude change is done because compared to the information that states the harms of drugs, the harms of smoking are less important, and therefore the person's attitude towards smoking becomes more positive. Introduction The principle of the perceptual contrast is a cognitive rule about human perceptions that shows the changes in the way the individuals perceive. This principle describes evaluating the differences between two material that are presented one after the other. If the second material is slightly different from the first one, the individual tends to see it differently from what it really is (Cialdini, 2001). The principle of perceptual contrast has been used as a persuasive strategy to change people’s attitudes and to explain some phenomena. There is a great body of research on the subject of the study, attitudes towards smoking, along with broad themes such as a variety of prevention and treatment strategies. However, the role of persuasion and its techniques specially the principle of perceptual contrast, which is one of the most effective strategies of persuasion - has been neglected so far. In addition, interventions in this area have not taken into account the role of other information that persons receive from other sources about other addictive substances (which are often more harmful than cigarettes). In fact, the information that persons receive about smoking is part of a wider range of information that comes from various sources of addictive substances. Methodology The research design was a semi-experimental one with a pre-test/post-test design and a follow-up test with a control group. The statistical population of this study included all male students of Tehran, Shahid Beheshti & Allameh Tabatabaei universities, in the academic year 2019-2020 who did not have a mental disorder and had never used drugs. Sampling was done through purposive sampling method. Ninety participants were assigned into two groups of smokers and non-smokers (each with 45 subjects). Each group was divided, by drawing lots, into three groups. The three groups received information using textual content, video content, or without receiving information. Each group included 15 participants. Data collection tools were the Implicit Association Test (IAT), the General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ–28) and a questionnaire to assess smoking addiction. Participants’ attitudes toward smoking were measured before the invention. The intervention was conducted in the experimental groups during three sessions in a three-day period. A thirty-page booklet about hard substances for the textual intervention and a ninety-minute documentary about hard substances were used for the visual intervention. The intervention group with textual information read ten pages of the booklet per session and the alternative one watched half an hour of documentary film per session. The booklet and the documentary film contained information about narcotics. After the intervention, subjects’ attitudes toward smoking were measured through the post-test. To follow the effects of perceptual contrast over time, the attitudes of the participants were re-measured after two weeks. Mixed analysis of variance was used to test the hypotheses. Findings The mean and the standard deviation of the participants’ scores in the Implicit Association Test were presented in Table 1. Table 1. The means and standard deviations of the Implicit Association Test Smoking groups Experimental groups Pre-test Post-test Follow-up Mean Standard deviation Mean Standard deviation Mean Standard deviation Smokers Text 0.65 0.30 0.57 0.30 0.60 0.15 Film 0.60 0.21 0.45 0.26 0.43 0.17 Control 0.68 0.18 0.73 0.13 0.68 0.15 Total 0.64 0.23 0.58 0.26 0.57 0.18 Non-smokers Text 0.69 0.24 0.51 0.24 0.56 0.13 Film 0.82 0.21 0.41 0.11 0.40 0.10 Control 0.77 0.14 0.78 0.16 0.77 0.13 Total 0.76 0.20 0.57 0.23 0.58 0.19 Total Text 0.67 0.27 0.54 0.27 0.58 0.14 Film 0.71 0.23 0.43 0.19 0.42 0.14 Control 0.72 0.17 0.75 0.14 0.73 0.15 Total 0.70 0.22 0.58 0.24 0.57 0.19 Mauchly’s sphericity test showed insignificant results. The results of mixed variance analysis (Table 2) showed the main effect of the test phase is significant (F: 14.73, sig < 0.01). Thus, participants’ attitudes in the pre-test, post-test, and follow-up phases are significantly different. The interactive effects of the test phase and experimental group on IAT scores were significant (F: 7.69, sig<0.01). The interactive effects of the test phase, the smoking group (F: 3.64, sig < 0.01,) and the main effect of the experimental group were significant (F= 14.72, sig < 0.01) too. Table 2. The results of the mixed analysis of variance test Source Sum of squares Degrees of freedom Mean squares F Sig. Intra-subjective Measurement stage 0.80 2 0.40 14.73 0.001 Smoker/non-smoker 0.19 2 0.09 3.64 0.02 Type of intervention 0.83 4 0.20 7.69 0.001 Error (test phase) 3.85 142 0.02 - - The test power (and the effect size) of the study were 0.989 (and 0.614). The highest power of the test was related to the comparison of smoking/film & non-smoking/control groups. After that, the most significant difference was related to the comparison of film intervention and control in both smoking and non-smoking groups, and then related to text intervention and control in both smoking and non-smoking groups. The power of the test and the effect size fell in the range of strong and very strong. Discussion and conclusion The results of this study showed that providing information on narcotics may reduce the obscenity of smoking and lead to the underestimation of negative consequences of smoking, creating a positive attitude towards smoking. This change in attitude remains almost constant over time and may even increase. These findings were true for both smokers and nonsmokers. The results also showed that the presentation of information both textually and visually can create this effect, although, as other studies show, the visual content is more effective in this regard (Chou, et al., 2009). This is probably because participants are more emotionally connected to the visual content, which increases the pictures’ persuasive power over the texts. Although efforts had been made to ensure that the content of both media contains only pure information and is not emotionally charged, the inherent appeal of the visual content seems to be involved here (Montazeri, et al. 2008). This study, along with many other studies, reveals that the sequential presentation of stimuli of varying intensity affects subjects’ perceptions (Cialdini, 2001). The results of this study can be used by policymakers working in the field of drugs and tobacco addiction. The results of this study show that various media advertisements against narcotics may create a positive attitude towards smoking among the audience, and this may lead people to use more dangerous drugs while media advertising against smoking can lead to creating a negative attitude towards both smoking and drugs. [1] The present article is an adaptation of a research project titled “The impact of information providing about narcotics and stimulants on people's attitudes towards smoking: A test for the principle of perceptual contras”' and is provided with the material and scientific support of the Tobacco Control Research Center affiliated with the Iranian Anti-Tobacco Association. * Corresponding author [2]. Assistant of Professor, Department of psychology, Faculty of Humanities, Hazrat-e-Masoumeh University, Qom, Iran. ORCID: ??? Email: a.mosavi@hmu.ac.ir [3]. M.A. General Psychology, Shahid Beheshti University, Faculty of Education and Psychology, Tehran, Iran. [4]. Professor of Pulmonary Medicine, Tobacco Control Research Center (TCRC), Iranian anti-tobacco association, Tehran, Iran. هدف پژوهش حاضر، بررسی اثرگذاری تقابل ادراکی بر نگرش به سیگار با ارائۀ اطلاعات دربارۀ مواد مخدر به افراد بود. از روش نیمه‌آزمایشی با طرح پیش‌آزمون‌ـ‌پس‌آزمون با گروه کنترل استفاده شد. از دانشجویان مرد مقاطع کارشناسی و کارشناسی ارشد دانشگاه‌های شهید بهشتی، تهران و علامه طباطبایی 45 فرد سیگاری و 45 فرد غیرسیگاری به‌صورت هدفمند به‌عنوان نمونه انتخاب شد. ابزارها عبارت بود از آزمون تداعی‌سنج ضمنی (IAT)، پرسشنامۀ سلامت عمومی (GHQ-28) و پرسشنامۀ سنجش اعتیاد به سیگار. شرکت‌کنندگان براساس نتایج پرسشنامۀ سنجش اعتیاد به سیگار، به دو گروه سیگاری و غیرسیگاری تقسیم شدند و سپس هر گروه به‌صورت تصادفی به سه گروه تحت مداخله با متن، تحت مداخله با فیلم و کنترل تقسیم شد. طی 3 جلسه اطلاعاتی دربارۀ مواد مخدر به شرکت‌کنندگان گروه‌های آزمایشی داده شد و گروه کنترل، اطلاعاتی دریافت نکرد. ارائۀ اطلاعات برای گروه‌های تحت مداخلۀ متن، با متنِ چاپی و برای گروه‌های تحت مداخلۀ فیلم، با نمایش فیلم اتفاق افتاد. پس از پایان مداخله و دو هفته بعد، نگرش شرکت‌کنندگان به سیگار دوباره سنجیده شد. تحلیل داده‌ها به‌روش تحلیل واریانس آمیخته نشان داد ارائۀ اطلاعات دربارۀ مضرات مواد مخدر، با برقراری تقابل ادراکی، نگرش به سیگار را مثبت می‌کند (01/0 p<،73/14= F). تفاوت میان دو گروه سیگاری و غیرسیگاری (01/0 p<،64/3= F) و تفاوت گروه‌های آزمایشی (تحت مداخلۀ فیلم و متن) نیز معنادار بود (01/0 p<،69/7= F). یافتۀ این پژوهش تأییدی درجهت اصل تقابل ادراکی بود؛ بدین‌معنی که ارائۀ اطلاعات دربارۀ مواد مخدر، طبق اصل تقابل ادراکی، نگرش مثبت‌تری به سیگار ایجاد می‌کند. این تغییر نگرش در طول زمان تقریباً پایدار ماند و در هر دو گروه سیگاری و غیرسیگاری و در هر دو گروه مداخله با متن و مداخله با فیلم تأیید شد. تغییر نگرش به‌این‌دلیل انجام می‌شود که در مقایسه با اطلاعاتی که مضرات مواد مخدر را بیان می‌کند، مضرات سیگار کم‌اهمیت می‌نماید و بنابراین، نگرش فرد به سیگار مثبت‌تر می‌شود.

https://cbs.ui.ac.ir/article_28139_d8d70a117805cf0007780b006b00e5f7.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان پژوهش های علوم شناختی و رفتاری 2251-7642 13 1 2023 08 23 Providing a Conceptual Framework of Mindfulness for Educational Principals at Schools: A Meta-Synthesis ارائه چارچوب مفهومی ذهن آگاهی برای مدیران آموزشی مدارس با رویکرد فراترکیب 145 174 28344 10.22108/cbs.2024.140104.1864 FA مجید انصاری فر دانشجوی دکتری مدیریت آموزشی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان شناسی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران. عباس عباس پور استاد، گروه مدیریت و برنامه ریزی آموزشی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان شناسی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران. حمید رحیمیان دانشیار، گروه مدیریت و برنامه ریزی آموزشی ، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان شناسی، دانشگاه علامه طباطبائی، تهران، ایران. فرنوش اعلامی استادیار، گروه علوم تربیتی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان شناسی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران. Journal Article 2023 12 23 The aim of this study was to provide a conceptual framework of mindfulness for educational principals of schools. The current study was conducted using meta-synthesis. The research population included all authentic qualitative and mixed-method articles conducted in Persian and English on mindfulness between 2006 and 2023. Accordingly, mindfulness articles done through systematic review were scrutinized. This was done using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), IranDoc thesauri and the specialized dictionaries. Persian and English keywords were searched in the titles, abstracts, keywords, and full texts of articles in databases such as Scopus, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Springer, Sage, Taylor and Francis, Emerald, Noormagz, and Magiran. A total of 3,979 studies in the desired field were examined, and ultimately, 32 articles were purposefully selected as samples. The Critical Appraisal Skills Program (CASP) was used to evaluate and confirm the quality of the document content. The data obtained from document analysis were analyzed using open, axial, and selective coding methods, which led to the identification of 221 codes, 30 categories, and five concepts in total. The most important concepts identified were "metacognitive awareness, metacognitive experiences, metacognitive skills, metacognitive knowledge, and psychological well-being." The results of this study can help researchers and those involved in the field of study to understand the dimensions and various aspects of mindfulness, especially for educational principals of schools. It can also provide conditions for their development, improvement, and acquisition of new competencies. Introduction The term mindfulness originally comes from the Buddhist concept of "sati," which means "moment-to-moment awareness of current events" (Karunamuni & Weerasekera, 2019). According to Kabat-Zinn, mindfulness is paying attention with purpose, in the present moment, and without judgment or preconceptions (Kabat-Zinn, 1994). While mindfulness practices and principles have become popular in educational, corporate, and therapeutic contexts in recent decades (Hornich-Lisciandro, 2013; Langer, 1993; Sinclair, 2015), it is important to note that researchers and experts now see mindfulness as an integral aspect of management and leadership (Boyatzis & McKee, 2005; Hougaard & Carter, 2017; Nadler, 2011; Richards, 2009; Sinclair, 2015). As efforts to introduce mindfulness into various organizations continue to grow, there have also been movements to incorporate these principles into the educational environments. These programs not only contributed to the personal and organizational development of key members within the education system, but they could also provide a necessary framework and vision for transforming schools. One of the challenging and complex issues in today's education system is how to prepare its key members for facing an uncertain and volatile environment. This uncertainty leads individuals to experience excessive pressure and stress, resulting in psychological harm and disruptions in the teaching-learning process. It is clear that in order to cope with these rapid social changes, we need to be more flexible and adaptable. We need to learn methods to calm our anxious nervous system and deal with challenges that disrupt our mental order, emotional tranquility, and compassion towards others—whether they are fellow humans, animals, or the environment around us. In other words, principals, teachers, and education practitioners need to pay more attention to internal education (Jennings et al., 2019). Based on the aforementioned points, the main issue of this study is that despite the promising studies conducted on mindfulness-based programs for teachers and students, it appears that these interventions are still relatively new. As Hawkins (2017) and Roeser (2014) also emphasize, further investigation is needed to understand the role of other educational stakeholders in adopting and implementing mindfulness programs in schools. Therefore, considering the importance of cultivating educational principals and their personal and organizational development, as well as addressing the fundamental role of mindfulness in schools as an emerging and essential approach, this study aims to provide an appropriate conceptual framework of mindfulness for educational principals using a meta-synthesis approach to gain a clearer perspective on the development of mindfulness in relation to the role of other educational stakeholders. Method This qualitative study utilized the meta-synthesis method. The meta-synthesis method refers to a process and product of scientific inquiry aimed at systematically reviewing and synthesizing findings from qualitative studies. Meta-syntheses go beyond the sum of the parts. In fact, this method provides new interpretations of the findings that result in a deeper understanding beyond the existing results (Sandelowski & Barroso, 2007). Meta-synthesis is a methodological approach for developing new knowledge based on a thorough analysis of existing qualitative research findings (Finfgeld-Connett, 2018). In the present study, the Sandelowski and Barroso (2007) meta-synthesis method was employed, which consists of seven steps: formulating research questions, conducting a systematic review of the relevant literature, searching and selecting relevant articles, extracting data from articles, analyzing and synthesizing qualitative findings, ensuring the quality of the findings, and presenting the findings. Findings In the present study, a total of 221 codes, 30 categories, and five concepts were identified based on the results of the analyses conducted on 32 selected final articles. Discussion and Conclusion A systematic review of qualitative and mixed-method studies conducted over the last two decades in the field of mindfulness specifically for educational principals has uncovered valuable and significant perspectives, characteristics, components, and themes. These findings can contribute to the personal and professional development of individuals who have a key role in the educational system. However, despite the conducted studies and presented results, there has been a lack of a comprehensive and holistic approach in identifying the dimensions of this phenomenon. The present study, which aims to examine the scientific literature on mindfulness for educational principals using a meta-synthesis method, is designed as qualitative study. Through a systematic and extensive review of qualitative and mixed-method studies conducted between 2006 and 2023, the study provides a conceptual framework of relevant components and themes related to mindful educational principals. Although the framework developed in this study shares similarities with the results and findings of other studies in certain areas, it is different in the sense that it has followed the steps of a meta-synthesis with a more holistic and comprehensive view, explaining and analyzing various aspects of the phenomenon of mindfulness in the field of educational principals. In fact, this study is one of the few comprehensive and extensive studies that examine and analyze the concepts and dimensions of mindfulness for educational principals using a meta-synthesis approach. It presents a comprehensive and valuable perspective in this field, which can be an effective step towards developing mindful educational principals. پژوهش حاضر با هدف ارائۀ چهارچوب مفهومی از ذهن‌آگاهی برای مدیران آموزشی مدارس انجام ‌شده است. روش این پژوهش، کیفی و از نوع فراترکیب بوده است. جامعۀ پژوهش، کلیۀ مقالات کیفی و آمیختۀ معتبر انجام‌شده به زبان فارسی و انگلیسی در حوزۀ ذهن‌آگاهی، بین سال‌های ۲۰۰۶-۲۰۲۳ بود. براین‌اساس، با مطالعۀ مقالات مرتبط با ذهن‌آگاهی که با روش مرور نظام‌مند انجام ‌شده بود، رجوع به سرعنوان‌های موضوعی پزشکی (مش)، اصطلاح‌نامه‌های ایرانداک و لغت‌نامه‌های تخصصی درزمینۀ موردمطالعه، کلیدواژه‌های فارسی و لاتین مرتبط ـ‌در عنوان، چکیده، واژگان کلیدی و متن مقالات‌ـ در پایگاه‌های دادۀ «اسکوپوس، ساینس‌دایرکت، گوگل‌اسکالر، اشپرینگر، سیج، تیلور اند فرانسیس، امرالد، نورمگز و مگیران» جست‌وجو شد که ۳۹۷۹ پژوهش درزمینۀ موردنظر بررسی و درنهایت، ۳۲ مقاله به‌صورت هدفمند به‌عنوان نمونه انتخاب شد و از ابزار حیاتی CASP، برای ارزشیابی و تأیید کیفیت محتوای اسناد استفاده شد. داده‌های به‌دست‌آمده از تحلیل اسناد با استفاده از روش کدگذاری باز، محوری و انتخابی تجزیه‌وتحلیل شد که درمجموع، ۲۲۱ کد، ۳۰ مقوله و ۵ مفهوم شناسایی شد. مهم‌ترین مفاهیم شناسایی‌شده شامل «آگاهی فراشناختی، تجارب فراشناختی، مهارت‌های فراشناختی، دانش فراشناختی و بهزیستی روان‌شناختی» است. نتایج این پژوهش می‌تواند به متولیان و پژوهشگران این حوزه کمک کند تا ابعاد و جنبه‌های مختلف ذهن‌آگاهی خاصه برای مدیران آموزشی مدارس را درک کنند و بستری برای پرورش و بهسازی آن‌ها و تجهیزشان به شایستگی‌های جدید فراهم کنند.

https://cbs.ui.ac.ir/article_28344_bc77b3cbefb91b4cc88443bf553df614.pdf