دانشگاه اصفهان پژوهش های علوم شناختی و رفتاری 2251-7642 12 1 2022 08 23 Individual Factors, Personality and Perception: How Legislators Make Decisions عوامل فردی، شخصیت و ادراک: قانون‌گذاران چگونه تصمیم می‌گیرند؟ 1 16 26928 10.22108/cbs.2022.130802.1577 FA الهام حیدری استادیار گروه مدیریت، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران. Journal Article 2021 10 01 Concerning the legislative role of members of parliament in Iran, the present paper aimed to identify factors affecting their perception during passing laws through a behavioral approach. Sampling was carried out via judgmental method and was continued till reaching saturation. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with parliament member. The answers to interview questions in addition to documents such as negotiation proceedings were analyzed. Employing grounded theory, codes, concepts and categories were obtained as a result of data analysis. Five propositions were obtained after linking three categories at selective coding stage. Data analysis found personality, education, experience, personal feelings, emotions and feelings as individual factors affecting perception of MPs. Perceptions, the main category of research consists of direct and indirect perception as two subcategories and sense making, sense breaking, and sense giving as its concepts. Introduction * Studies regarding perception of MPs (members of parliament) could be divided into several categories; however, they are not sufficient. In one group, the legislative process is described by MPs at individual and collective level through distinct steps. Cognitive and perceptual dimensions of each step are discusses (Slembeck, 2016). In second group, value systems are mentioned as key factors affecting the perception of the political elite while analyzing environment. In relevant studies, there is no emphasis on the decision-making process and its step-by-step analysis (e.g. Brosch & Sander, 2013). In third group, system and process approaches were used simultaneously. In these works, both top-down and bottom-up processes such as political pressures, interpersonal issues, personality and genetics have been examined at the same time (Jost et al., 2016). In another group of research, subjective frameworks and decision-making styles of MPs from various parties in developed countries namely the United States, Britain, and Germany have been investigated (e.g. Rokeach, 2006; Altemeyer, 1998; Duckitt, 2001). Members of parliament are largely unaware of the effect of their cognitive characteristics on their decisions. If MPs are aware of factors affecting their perception, they might avoid biases and decision-making errors. This could reduce their severity as well. Thanks to the significance of the aforementioned issue the present study attempts to identify individual and personality variables affecting the perception of MPs during the legislative process. Methodology Grounded theory is a qualitative research method aiming to develop a theory based on data. The classical method of grounded theory has been used in present research due to the lack of a codified model for factors affecting the perception of MPs during legislative process. In order to collect data, the researcher employed semi-structured interviews and archived data such as recorded parliament sessions. Using theoretical and judgmental sampling, a number of participants were selected for the study. Research sample size was finalized based on the principle of theoretical saturation. In this study, theoretical saturation was achieved by interviewing 22 MPs and analyzing the recordings of sessions in detail. Findings There are three stages of open, selective, and theoretical coding in classical grounded theory. Fifty-five categories were obtained in open coding stage. Ten concepts emerged subsequently. In selective coding stage, the perception of the MPs was considered as the central category around which the data were organized. Finally, three categories were obtained: perception, individual factors and legislation. The central category of perception consisted of direct perception like sense making and indirect perception such as sense giving or sense breaking. Individual factors consisted of the following concepts: personality, education, background, personal interests, feelings and emotions. Legislation entails approving plans and bills. At theoretical coding stage, the relationships between categories are conceptualized. Perception is the central category for this study. By analyzing narratives and stories of interviewees, it was clarified that MPs analyze and perceive events, bills and plans in two ways: They gain perception about a bill or plan either directly through studying documents and reports or indirectly through attending meetings of the commissions or fractions and listening to their colleagues’ opinion. Using the literature on perception, they were introduced to the topics of sense making, sense giving, and sense breaking, which, were placed under subcategories of direct and indirect perception. Direct perception: All the attempts of MPs to perceive environmental events and laws in the process of passing laws are considered as sense making. Indirect perception: Observations showed that some MPs in different sessions try to destroy the meaning and perception of a bill or plan in the minds of other MPs by using discourses, narratives, stories and arguments (sense breaking) or presenting different arguments. They try to communicate their own meaning (sense giving) and create a new perception in minds of MPs. Individual factors Much evidence showed the influence of individual factors on the perception of MPs while conducting the present study. Results showed that individual factors are composed of the following concepts: personality, education, feelings and emotions, background and personal interests. Personality: The personality of MPs has a considerable effect on their sense making, sense giving, and sense breaking in the process of passing laws as well as comprehension of topics discussed in parliament and commissions. The personality of MPs was evaluated based on dimensions of Big Five Personality Traits model including extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, openness to experience, and emotional stability (Robbins & Judge, 2017). Some of MPs were extroverts interacting with so many MPs. This group of MPs spoke frequently about their experiences and how they influenced others with their words about a bill or an act. Some MPs admitted that they have repeatedly tried to persuade other MPs with agreeable personalities. Some MPs were highly conscientious. They examined all bills and plans carefully. They claimed that they never voted for any bills or plans without having sufficient information. Their perceptions of bills or plans differed due to the amount of time they spent on each bill or act. Openness to experience was another dimension of the personality of MPs affecting perceptions. Some MPs mentioned issues concerning art and literature in their statements. They talked about performances of politicians and the structure of parliament in other countries openly. These MPs exhibited more openness than other MPs who had traditional or local perspectives or descriptions limited to their own electoral constituency. Individuals with low emotional stability reacted quickly and were more sensitive to performances of other MPs. Those who get low scores in this dimension are typically nervous, anxious and impulsive. MPs with low emotional stability would take a stand against the statements of other MPs in examining plans and bills. The other group of MPs on the contrary were calm and in no hurry to answer other MPs during sessions of the commissions. Education: MPs’ level of education affects their attention. Those who have studied medicine, agriculture, civil engineering or sociology do not share the same concerns. They examine the bills and plans relevant to their own field of study more carefully. Feelings and Emotions: The mood of an MP while examining or commenting on a plan or bill affects their perception. Analysis of parliament sessions indicated that when examining a bill is postponed to subsequent session of commission, the behavior and reactions of some MPs change. During the interval between the sessions, MPs may study the issue or have conversations with other people which could influence their studies (sense making) or attitudes (sense breaking and sense giving). Background: The background of MPs could have an effective role in their perception. Those who have been MPs for several terms have a different perception than those who have become MPs for the first time. The alignment of an individual’s career background with their commission could also affects his perception of the plans and bills. Personal interests: Many MPs believed that their colleagues are concerned with their personal interests. They explained that as soon as their colleagues become MPs, they begin planning for participation in the next elections and their main aim is to secure a seat in the parliament in subsequent terms. Discussion and conclusion Results of the present research showed that individual factors affecting the perception of MPs include personality, education, background, personal interests, feelings and emotions. Perception was considered the central category of the present research, which consists of the two subcategories of direct and indirect perception. In previous studies, a number of factors affecting perception in general or perception of politicians and MPs in particular have been mentioned. Value systems, personality, and cognitive biases are among key factors found in foreign research (e.g. Brosch & Sander, 2013; Slembeck, 2016; and Altemeyer, 1998). However, as far as literature shows, no similar study has been conducted on the effect of the aforementioned five variables on the perception of MPs in Iranian parliament. The present research faced a number of limitations. First, it was difficult to reach MPs. Second, MPs interviewed were all male. Third the statistical community of the research consisted of MPs of the Iranian parliament. Fourth, Selecting MPs was conducted using the judgmental method and finally participants were only 22 people. Future researchers can investigate factors mentioned in this research independently. It is recommended that future researchers examine perceptions of other politicians and managers and study factors affecting perception of individuals such as city council members, ministers and CEOs. * Corresponding author بررسی علمی رفتار نمایندگان در انجام امور نمایندگی ازجمله قانون‌گذاری اهمیت بسزایی دارد. ادراک نمایندگان در فرایند پیچیدة قانون‌گذاری، نقش مؤثری ایفا می‌کند. هدف پژوهش حاضر، شناسایی نقش عوامل فردی بر ادراک نمایندگان در فرایند تصویب قوانین با اتخاذ رویکردی رفتاری است. برای انجام پژوهش، از روش نظریة داده‌بنیان بهره گرفته شد. نمونه‌گیری با بهره‌گیری از روش قضاوتی با منطق نمونه‌گیری نظری انجام گرفت و تا حصول اشباع نظری دنبال شد. درمجموع، با 22 نمایندة مجلس مصاحبة نیمه‌ساختاریافته انجام شد و اسناد مکتوبی همچون مشروح مذاکرات نیز تجزیه‌وتحلیل شد. مقولات حاصل‌شده طی فرایند کدگذاری به یکدیگر مرتبط شدند و 5 قضیه به دست‌ آمد. تحلیل داده‌ها مبیّن آن بود که عوامل فردی مؤثر بر ادراک نمایندگان شامل شخصیت، تحصیلات، احساسات و هیجان‌ها، سابقه و منافع شخصی است. ادراک نیز به‌عنوان مقولة محوری پژوهش تعیین شد که خود از دو زیرمقولة شناخت مستقیم و شناخت غیرمستقیم و سه مفهوم معناسازی، معنابخشی و معناشکنی تشکیل شده است. یافته‌های پژوهش حاضر آگاهی نمایندگان مجلس از فرایندهای ادراکی‌شان را افزایش می‌دهد و به آنها یادآوری می‌کند که عوامل متعددی بر ادراک آنها به‌صورت آگاهانه یا ناخودآگاهانه تأثیر می‌گذارد؛ بنابراین، شناخت این عوامل توسط قانون‌گذاران می‌تواند به افزایش کیفیت قانون‌گذاری منجر شود.

https://cbs.ui.ac.ir/article_26928_6e556952d5555e6f06142d19aaab378f.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان پژوهش های علوم شناختی و رفتاری 2251-7642 12 1 2022 08 23 Comparing the Impact of Positive Intervention and Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy Intervention on the Emotional Maturity مقایسۀ اثربخشی آموزش مثبت‌نگری و شناخت‌درمانگری مبتنی بر ذهن‌آگاهی بر بلوغ عاطفی 17 38 27005 10.22108/cbs.2022.131777.1605 FA ریحانه مشهدی دانشجوی دکترای روان‌شناسی تربیتی، گروه روان شناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان شناسی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد زاهدان، زاهدان، ایران علی عرب استادیار، گروه روان شناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان شناسی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران 0000-0000-3300-0000 حسین جناآبادی استاد، گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه سیستان و بلوچستان، زاهدان، ایران . Journal Article 2022 01 30 Adolescences encountered physical, cognitive, and emotional changes; they try to increase their ability of thinking and change relationships with family and peers for new emotional and social roles. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the effectiveness of positive intervention and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy intervention on emotional maturity in girl students. The research sample was 45 girl students in public and exemplary high schools in Zahedan who have selected through a multi-stage random cluster sampling method and were divided into two experimental (n=30) control (n=15) groups. The emotional maturity scale was used to collect data. The experimental group received the positive intervention and cognitive-therapeutic intervention for 8 weeks in two months. The data were analyzed by a repeated-measures test. Results of repeated measures analysis showed that positive psychotherapy and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy intervention had a significant effect on emotional maturity, but based on the results of multivariate analysis, the average emotional stability, Emotional regression, social maladjustment, personality disintegration, and lack of independence in the positive intervention group in the post-test and follow-up showed a significant decrease compared to the experimental group of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy with the control group and the effectiveness of the positivist intervention on emotional maturity was more than mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (p <0.01). Therefore, it can be concluded that despite the effectiveness of both interventions, the positive intervention was more effective in emotional development and emotional maturity than the mindfulness-based cognitive-therapy in adolescent girls. Introduction* Adolescence is a period of physical, cognitive, and social-emotional changes, which is characterized by increasing the ability to think, changing relationships with family and peers, family roles, and responsibilities, trying to acquire new emotional and social roles, managing life tasks, and achieving independence (Shajari and Hijazi, 2018). Some psychologists describe the period of adolescence, which is mixed with the concept of maturity, as the period of "storm and tension"; Because it is a period of life in which emotional tension is one of its characteristics and the all-round physical, cognitive, and emotional changes of teenagers provide opportunities for transformation and innumerable improvements that affect the adoption of lifestyle and mental health of teenagers (Jobson et al., 2020). If the implementation of some interventions can help to increase emotional maturity in teenagers, and one of these interventions is positivity education, Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi were pioneers of this intervention in 2000, and they believe that the goal of positive psychology is happiness (Jobson et al., 2020). Chakhssi et al., (2018) believe that in general, positive psychology is a relatively new field that is focused on improving well-being and optimal performance instead of improving symptoms, one of the interventions whose effectiveness in much research, in solving problems and the problems of adolescence have been confirmed, the intervention of cognitive therapy is based on mindfulness. Therefore, the present study aimed to compare the effectiveness of positive intervention and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on emotional maturity in students. Method The current research design was a semi-experimental type of pre-test, post-test, and follow-up with a control group. The statistical population under study included all female students of the second secondary level of public high schools in Zahedan city, who were studying in the academic year of 2018-2019. The sample of the present study was 45 teenage girls who met the criteria for entering the study. Using the random multi-stage cluster sampling method, nine high schools were randomly selected from among 15 public high schools and girls' public high schools in Zahedan city. An emotional maturity measurement scale (Singh and Bhargava 1999) was developed to measure emotional maturity. This scale has 48 items that are scored on a five-point Likert scale. This questionnaire includes 5 subscales. Emotional stability is emotional regression, social incompatibility, personality collapse, and lack of independence. By obtaining the assistance form and presenting it to the schools, the necessary permission to conduct the research was received from the school administrators. By conducting the pre-test, 45 people with the highest score on the emotional maturity scale were selected and randomly assigned to three groups of 15 people (two experimental groups and one control group). The interventions were carried out in experimental groups, and finally, post-test and follow-ups were done for all groups. The entry criteria were: 1- being between 15 and 17 years old, 2- female students in the second secondary level, and 3- non-participation of students in workshops and interventions like the present research during the last two months. Results Findings of repeated measures analysis showed that positive psychotherapy and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy intervention had a significant effect on emotional maturity, but based on the results of multivariate analysis, the average emotional stability, Emotional regression, social maladjustment, personality disintegration, and lack of independence in the positive intervention group in the post-test and follow-up showed a significant decrease compared to the experimental group of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy with the control group. The effectiveness of the positivist intervention on emotional maturity was more than mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (p <0.01). Conclusion The purpose of this research was to compare the effectiveness of two positive interventions and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on the emotional maturity of girl secondary school students in Zahedan City. The results showed that both interventions significantly reduced emotional immaturity, emotional regression, social maladjustment, personality disintegration, and lack of independence, and students showed better growth in emotional maturity. The results of the present research are consistent with the findings of the following research in the field of the effectiveness of positive psychology: increasing recognition of one's own and others' abilities, emotional regulation, and management of negative emotions (Joanmard et al., 2018), reducing emotional instability, and returning. Benoit and Gabola (2021) emphasized the importance of positive psychology interventions at younger ages to promote positive aspects of development such as gratitude, positive emotions, life satisfaction, success, positive relationships, and self-esteem. According to Gander et al. (2020) positive psychology considers the lack of meaning in life as one of the underlying factors in the occurrence of psychological problems such as anxiety, depression, hopelessness, and other psychological problems. Chakhssi et al. (2018) found that participation in positivity meetings helped students develop a more positive personal perception of themselves by recognizing their strengths and teaching positive thinking strategies to help them learn what they can change, accept, or deal with it. In general, the obtained results indicate the effectiveness of the intervention of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy in reducing emotional maturity scores, which indicates that the subjects who were trained in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, compared to the control group, showed better growth in emotional maturity. The results obtained from the current research are consistent with the findings of research conducted inside the country, such as Fallahian et al. (2018), Sadeghi et al. (2019), and foreign research such as Dunning et al. (2019). For example, in the study of the effect of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on students' behavioral problems, it was shown that the method of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy can significantly improve behavioral and emotional problems such as normative behavior disorder, signs of immaturity, reduced anxiety, and isolation in teenagers. Kalmar et al., (2022), in investigating the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on anxiety and emotional problems in adolescents, showed that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy can effectively reduce anxiety and worry in relation to avoiding confrontation, reduce current and unpleasant inner experiences and feelings. In general, the positive intervention was more effective at improving the emotional maturity of female students than the mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. It can be said that this intervention, along with other methods, can be a useful and appropriate method to improve the psychological condition of female students. The current research has limitations, since this research was conducted on female adolescents who were 15 to 17 years old, it cannot be generalized to male adolescents and other age groups. In addition, the follow-up period was conducted after one month due to time constraints. It is suggested that boys and other age groups be investigated in future studies, and follow-up periods should be conducted for a period of two months or more to check the stability of the intervention effect. * Corresponding author نوجوانی همراه با تغییرات جسمی، شناختی و عاطفی است که با افزایش توانایی تفکر، تغییر در روابط با خانواده و همسالان و تلاش درجهت کسب نقش‌های عاطفی و اجتماعی جدید همراه است؛ ازاین‌رو، پژوهش حاضر با هدف مقایسۀ اثربخشی‌ مداخلۀ مثبت‌نگر و مداخلۀ شناخت‌درمانگری مبتنی بر ذهن‌آگاهی بر بلوغ عاطفی در دانش‌آموزان بود. نمونۀ پژوهش 45 نفر از دانش‌آموزان دختر مقطع متوسطۀ دوم دبیرستان‌های دولتی و نمونۀ دولتی شهر زاهدان بود که ازطریق روش نمونه‌گیری خوشه‌ای چندمرحله‌ای تصادفی انتخاب شدند و در دو گروه آزمایش (30 نفر) و کنترل (15 نفر) جایگزین شدند. برای جمع‌آوری داده‌ها از مقیاس اندازه‌گیری بلوغ عاطفی استفاده شد. گروه‌ آزمایش مداخلۀ مثبت‌نگر و مداخلۀ شناخت‌درمانگری در طی 8 هفتۀ متوالی در دو ماه دریافت کردند و داده‌ها توسط آزمون اندازه‌گیری مکرر تجزیه‌وتحلیل شدند. نتایج تحلیل واریانس اندازه‌گیری‌های مکرر نشان داد روان‌درمانی مثبت‌نگر و مداخلۀ شناخت‌درمانگری مبتنی بر ذهن‌آگاهی بر بلوغ عاطفی تأثیر معنی‌داری داشته‌اند؛ اما براساس نتایج آزمون تحلیل واریانس چندمتغیره، میانگین ثبات عاطفی، بازگشت عاطفی، ناسازگاری اجتماعی، فروپاشی شخصیت و فقدان استقلال گروه‌ مداخلۀ مثبت‌نگر در مرحلۀ پس‌آزمون و پیگیری نسبت به گروه آزمایشی شناخت‌درمانگری مبتنی بر ذهن‌آگاهی و گروه کنترل کاهش معناداری نشان داد و اثربخشی مداخلۀ مثبت‌نگر بر بلوغ عاطفی بیشتر از شناخت‌درمانگری مبتنی بر ذهن‌آگاهی بود (01/0>p)؛ بنابراین، می‌توان نتیجه گرفت که برخلاف اثربخشی هر دو مداخله، مداخلۀ مثبت‌نگر در مقایسه با مداخلۀ شناخت‌درمانگری مبتنی بر ذهن‌آگاهی در رشد هیجانی و بلوغ عاطفی نوجوانان دختر کارآمدی بیشتری داشت.

https://cbs.ui.ac.ir/article_27005_d76fb06894aeb19b4f8e295a6eb042cf.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان پژوهش های علوم شناختی و رفتاری 2251-7642 12 1 2022 08 23 The Effectiveness of Parent-Child Cognitive-Behavioral Program on Children's Social Anxiety اثربخشی برنامه والد-کودک شناختی رفتاری بر اضطراب اجتماعی کودکان 39 56 26951 10.22108/cbs.2022.134256.1666 FA زهرا جهان بخشی استادیار گروه مشاوره ،دانشکده روان شناسی و علوم تربیتی ،دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران. فرشته شعبانی کارشناسی ارشد مشاوره مدرسه، گروه مشاوره، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روان شناسی، دانشگاه شهید بهشتی، تهران، ایران. Journal Article 2022 07 03 Social anxiety is one type of anxiety disorders which disrupts academic, social and family functions and often goes through a chronic course that may continue into adulthood. The aim of the present study was to measure the effectiveness of parent-child cognitive and behavioral program on children's social anxiety. The research population was primary school boys in Karaj city, Alborz province. Sampling was done through multi-stage clustering and six schools were randomly selected. Tools for measuring child and parent anxiety were Spence scale and social anxiety scale. Twenty-four students whose social anxiety score was close to the cut-off line were selected with their parents. Leibovitz's questionnaire was administered to students with the coordination of the school. The experimental group received 13 therapy sessions during 13 weeks. The results of repeated measures ANOVA showed that the parent-child cognitive and behavioral program is effective and has a lasting effect on children's social anxiety (p <0.01). Based on the results, it is suggested to use the designed protocol to reduce children's social anxiety. Introduction: Social anxiety disorder is a common and distressing psychological disorder in social situations with an estimated twelve-month prevalence among children and adults ranging from 0.5 to 7% worldwide (Vente et al. 2022). According to the social cognitive behavioral model of social anxiety, a person's fear of negative evaluation may be the main factor leading to social anxiety (Heimberg et al. 2014; Ren & Li, 2020). Epidemiological research indicates that social anxiety disorder begins earlier than other anxiety disorders with an average age of 13 years old (Farrell, 2019). For people who struggle with social anxiety disorder, problems occur in all areas of life, including relationships, jobs, school attendances, and educational endeavor (Olson, 2021) associated with low quality of life, poor academic or professional performance and unemployment. This has a high co-morbidity with other psychiatric disorders including depression and other clinical disorders such as substance abuse (Vente et al. 2022; Pearcey et al. 2020). Hence, it highlights the need for effective early interventions based on a good understanding of what sustains social anxiety in children and adolescents (Halldorsson & Creswell, 2017). Cognitive behavioral therapy is effective for children and adolescents with social anxiety disorder and is considered the first treatment in clinical guidelines (Nordh et al. 2021). A recent meta-analysis of 11 studies reported statistically significant improvements in clinical and self-report measures of anxiety in response to cognitive behavioral therapy interventions (Bemmer et al. 2021). In order to take the next step in improving the outcome of treatment, there is a serious need to identify factors related to the success and failure of treatment, especially in children with social anxiety disorder (Klein et al. 2021). Hudson et al. (2015) showed in a research study that children with social anxiety compared to children with general anxiety are twice likely to remain in the initial diagnosis of social anxiety after receiving a general anxiety treatment protocol and 12 months of follow-up. Therefore, it is important to know why these children get less results from conventional cognitive-behavioral treatments. The meta-analysis of Brynholst colleagues (2012) showed that many studies lack a regular protocol to involve parents in the treatment of children (ost et al. 2015). Also, the research of Garcia-Lopez et al. (2014) showed that including parents in the treatment of children's social anxiety by emphasizing their emotional problems increases treatment results. Decades of research linking parenting and family variables to the cause and course of childhood anxiety disorders have led to repeated efforts to improve outcomes by involving parents in treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to identify and address the important parental variables that are involved in the child's social anxiety. Children spend half of their waking hours at school, where the impact of teacher and peer relationships can be critical to their psychological well-being. Therefore, in the field of prevention and treatment, schools have been used by psychological science researchers and specialists for many years as the most effective environment available for the effectiveness of interventions (Bernstein et al., 2008). Although the aforementioned studies show the positive effects of adding social skills training or cognitive components compared to the control group in reducing the social anxiety of young children, the results indicate that more efforts to improve the results is needed. The question of the current research is whether involving the family in the treatment of this group of children reduces the symptoms of social anxiety. Materials & Methods The current research was quantitative, a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test and follow-up design with a control group seeking the question of whether family participation can reduce the symptoms of social anxiety in children. The target population included all students 8-12 years old in Alborz province who were studying in schools during the academic year 2017-2018. Sampling was first in the form of a multi-stage cluster in which six schools were randomly selected. After the introduction of 54 students by the teachers, a meeting was held for the parents of these students and they completed the child and parent Spence anxiety scale parent questionnaire. Then, according to the questionnaire that the parents had completed, 24 students were selected along with their parents whose social anxiety score was close to the cut-off line, and with the coordination of the school, Liebowitz 's social anxiety questionnaire was administered to them. After developing the treatment protocol, Lawshe’s method was used to determine its content validity, which was graded with 1 being the weakest and 10 being the best. The results could be obtained from their sum and average. To evaluate the prepared protocol, the content of the protocol was provided to five experts. The total score of 9.15 out of 10 showed the agreement coefficient of the judges regarding the content validity of the designed package. Measurement tools Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale: This scale has 24 items. The subject answers the questions on a 4-point Likert scale. Child and Parent Spence Anxiety Scale: Spence's anxiety scale consists of 45 items. Scoring is based on a 4-point Likert scale. The experimental group received 13 therapy sessions as a group once a week. Each session lasted for 90 minutes. Eleven sessions were for children and parents and two sessions were only for parents of children. Result The subjects studied in this research were boys. Descriptive results showed that the mean and standard deviation of the age of the subjects in the experimental group were equal to 9.67 and 0.98, respectively, and the mean and standard deviation of the age of the subjects in the control group were equal to 1.10 and 1.18, respectively. The results obtained from the multivariate covariance analysis (MANCOVA) showed that the difference between the groups (experimental and control groups) in the subscales of social anxiety is statistically significant (P<0.01). Therefore, it is possible to accept the decrease in the scores of children's social anxiety scales in the post-test. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to check the normality of the data, and since the significance level of the Shapiro-Wilk test for the research variables was more than 0.05, it can be concluded that the research data are normal. Levene's test was used to check the assumption of equality of variance. In this test, the significance level of the research variables is more than 0.05, which indicates the equality of the variance of the research variables. Table 1. Means of Reducing Children's Social Anxiety in the Pre-Test and Follow-Up in the Study Groups Test Experiment Control Mean SD Mean SD Pre-test 54/00 6/223 60/18 8/232 Follow-up 47/42 3/630 66/36 6/136 Also, the results obtained from the repeated measures ANOVA analysis and the intergroup test showed the permanence of the reduction scores of children's social anxiety in the experimental and control groups. The results of the repeated measures showed that the difference between the social anxiety reduction scores of children in the pre-test and follow-up is statistically significant (p <0.01). Therefore, it can be accepted that there is a difference between the groups (experimental group and control group) in the pre-test and follow-up in reducing the scores of children's social anxiety. Results and discussion In the present study, the effectiveness of parent-child cognitive behavioral program on children's social anxiety was investigated. The results showed that the cognitive and behavioral program (mother-child) is effective in reducing children's social anxiety and has a lasting effect. The results of this finding are consistent with the researches of Nordh et al. (2021). This program teaches the nature of anxiety and understanding children's social anxiety through visual training of thoughts, emotional training, reducing physiological arousal, identifying negative spontaneous thoughts, replacing positive thoughts, increasing social skills, realistic thinking and realistic facing of fears which helps parents to consciously and correctly help to solve and control their children's social anxiety. Another positive aspect of parents' presence in this program is that parents play an important role in the treatment of children with anxiety disorders because they are in the best position to teach their children adaptive responses (Shahni et al., 2017). Another significant factor that seems to have had an effect on the effectiveness of this protocol was the participation of teachers and the implementation of the program in the school, which makes the treatment program more effective. The study sample was only boys and it was not possible to examine gender differences in this study. Considering that our community was Alborz province and more research is needed in other regions with clinical populations and different levels of anxiety in order to examine the results of these groups, therefore caution should be taken in generalizing the results of this research. Future researchers are suggested to investigate the effectiveness of this treatment model with children with different levels of social anxiety (low, moderate and severe). Since the role of relationships with peers is important in creating and maintaining symptoms of social anxiety, it is recommended to develop protocols with this factor and check their effectiveness. Several variables play a role as mediators in influencing social anxiety, it is suggested that such variables such as attachment, mood, and behavioral inhibition are investigated in future studies. The prepared protocol can be used in psychological clinics for children with social anxiety. The content of this educational program can be used individually and in school groups. یکی از انواع اختلال‌های اضطرابی، اضطراب اجتماعی است که موجب مختل‌کردن عملکردهای تحصیلی، اجتماعی و خانوادگی می‌شود و اغلب اوقات سیر مزمنی را طی می‌کنند که ممکن است تا بزرگسالی ادامه یابد. هدف پژوهش حاضر سنجش اثربخشی برنامۀ والد‌ـ‌کودک شناختی‌ـ‌رفتاری بر اضطراب اجتماعی کودکان بود. جامعۀ موردپژوهش دانش‌آموزان پسر ابتدایی استان البرز شهرستان کرج بودند که نمونه‌گیری ابتدا به‌صورت خوشه‌ای چندمرحله‌ای انجام شد و سپس شش مدرسه به‌صورت تصادفی انتخاب شد. ابزارهای اندازه‌گیری مقیاس اضطراب اسپنس کودک و والد (1999)، مقیاس اضطراب اجتماعی لیبویتز (2003) بودند. 24 دانش‌آموز همراه با والد انتخاب شدند که نمرۀ اضطراب اجتماعی آنها نزدیک خط برش بود و با هماهنگی مدرسه با این دانش‌آموزان پرسشنامۀ لیبویتز اجرا شد. گروه آزمایش، 13 جلسۀ درمانی را به‌صورت گروهی هفته‌ای یک بار دریافت کردند. طول مدت جلسات 90 دقیقه بود. یازده جلسه مختص کودک و والد و دو جلسه صرفاً برای والدین کودکان بود. نتایج تحلیل واریانس با اندازه‌گیری مکرر نشان داد برنامۀ والد‌ـ‌کودک شناختی‌ـ‌رفتاری بر اضطراب اجتماعی کودکان مؤثر است و ماندگاری اثر دارد (01/0>p). براساس نتایج به‌دست‌آمده، پیشنهاد می‌شود از پروتکل درمانی طراحی و اعتباریابی‌شده در پژوهش حاضر برای کاهش اضطراب اجتماعی کودکان استفاده شود[1].

https://cbs.ui.ac.ir/article_26951_6ae89ce4209acd83f92ecb32fce0178c.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان پژوهش های علوم شناختی و رفتاری 2251-7642 12 1 2022 08 23 The effect of telework on employee job satisfaction with the role of mediators of job independence and work-family conflict تأثیر دورکاری بر رضایت شغلی کارکنان با میانجی‌گری استقلال شغلی و تعارض کار و خانواده در طول همه‌گیری کرونا 57 82 26950 10.22108/cbs.2022.133711.1650 FA محمد مهدی دوالی استادیار گروه مدیریت دولتی دانشگاه پیام‌نور، ایران سمیه حق‌دوست کارشناس‌ارشد مدیریت دولتی، دانشگاه پیام‌نور، مرکز بین‌المللی کیش، ایران رسول معصوم زاده جوزدانی کارشناس‌ارشد مدیریت بازرگانی- بازرگانی بین‌المللی، دانشگاه پیام‌نور، مرکز بین‌المللی کیش، ایران Journal Article 2022 05 18 The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of telework (TW) on job satisfaction (JS) with the mediating role of perceived independence and conflict between work and family. The statistical population of this study was 2280 people from the staff of government offices in Quds city. Cochran sampling formula showed that 328 people were identified as sufficient for sampling. However, researchers considered 501 participants to reduce sampling error. The sampling method was simple random sampling. In order to measure TW, JS, Work-Family Conflict (WFC) and in order to Measure job independence (JI), standard questionnaires were used. Hypotheses were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis and structural equations using SPSS and SMARTPLS software. Findings showed that teleworking has a significant effect on job satisfaction, perceived independence and the conflict between work and family. In addition, the findings showed that work-family conflict between telecommuting and job satisfaction has a mediating and significant role. Perceived job independence also plays a mediating role between telecommuting and job satisfaction. Based on findings, the mediating roles of work-family conflict and perceived independence were confirmed. Introduction Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, many researchers are looking for ways to conceptualize jobs and to help introduce initiatives for the benefits of work-life balance and employees’ well-being (Ghislieri et al, 2021). Due to the pandemic, many workers and employers had to divert to working from home. Before the pandemic, the existing knowledge about telework (TW) was mainly developed in an atmosphere that TW was rarely used as a working method by a number of employees of an organization. When teleworking is no longer an arbitrary option, but a mandatory requirement, it is necessary to change the focus of research to teleworking. Job satisfaction (JS) is a pleasant or positive emotional state that results from a person's evaluation of her\his work or experience (Baluyos et al., 2019).JS is often examined in the context of the results of WFC.Workers with higher JS are less involved in family conflicts.In particular, JI and WFC have been used as job variables and job demand, and their direct or indirect effect on JS has been proven (Wu & Zhou, 2020).In addition, most studies show that telecommuting has a positive relationship with JS (Petcu et al., 2021). Job satisfactionshows the degree of freedom, autonomy and authority to schedule work, decision making and method selection used to perform tasks.It shows a form of control over the job, which is the degree of discretion of the employee in decision-making and one of the main dimensions of job demand control theory (Karasek, 1976).Therefore, in this research, JI is a key variable in the field of remote work due to quarantine of employees. Work-Family Conflict occurs as a set of pressures when it is difficult to reconcile work and personal roles.The main sources of WFC are: time, pressure and behavior.The loss of boundaries between work and family spheres and the increase of personal family responsibilities are aspects that have reached their peak during quarantine, intensifying the conflict between roles.It seems that WFC, which has led to an increase in the interference of work and family roles, has been largely affected by telecommuting, and has led to a decrease in JS. Currently, most of the empirical evidence on work-family relationships is found in Western countries, which share key features of cultural individualism rather than collectivism.Iran can be considered a family-oriented country.The findings of individualistic societies may not apply to family-oriented societies, which could be a proof of the necessity of the present research. Few researchers have investigated the potential mediators of TW. Therefore, the quarantine situation during the pandemic is the best opportunity to expand knowledge on this matter.In this research, the relationship between TW and JS is investigated, considering the mediating role of WFC and JI. Research method This research, in terms of research strategy, is applied research and in terms of purpose, is descriptive. Also, in terms of the method of data collection, it is of survey type. The statistical population includes all the employees of the government offices of Quds town, which consist of 2280 employees. The questionnaire was completed electronically. In the present study, random sampling was employed and Cochran's formula was used for the sample size. The validity and reliability of the research have been verified using the confirmatory factor analysis test and structural equations and analysis by SPSS and SMART-PLS softwares. The research questionnaire consists of two parts: the first part includes demographic questions (gender, age, education and work experience, etc.). The second part of the questionnaire includes questions related to research variables. The validity and reliability of the variables can be seen in Table 1. Table 1.Validity and Reliability of Variables Variable Cronbach’s Alpha Composite Reliability AVE TW 0.9 0.87 0.59 JS 0.75 0.74 0.62 WFC 0.92 0.89 0.60 JI 0.94 0.92 0.62 Research findings The findings of the first hypothesis of the research show that the coefficient of TW path on JS is 0.29 and the t value is 3.02, which is higher than the critical value of 2.58. Therefore, it can be said that the effect of TW on JS is significant (p< 0.01). Therefore, the first hypothesis of the research is confirmed. The findings of the second hypothesis of the research show that the coefficient of TW path on JI is 0.50 and the t-value is 6.54, which is higher than the critical value of 2.58, therefore it can be said that the effect of TW on JI is significant (p< 0.01) and the second research hypothesis is confirmed. The findings of the third hypothesis of the research show that the coefficient of TW path on WFC is 0.35 and the t-value is also 3.54, which is higher than the critical value of 2.58, it can be said that the effect of TW on WFC is significant (p< 0.01) and the third research hypothesis is confirmed. The findings of the fourth hypothesis of the research show that the path coefficient of JI on JS is 0.38 and the t-value is also 3.81, which is higher than the critical value of 2.58, we can say that the effect of JI on JS is significant (p< 0.01) and the fourth sub-hypothesis of the research is confirmed. The findings of the fifth research hypothesis show that the path coefficient of WFC on JS is 0.27 and the t-value is 2.85, which is higher than the critical value of 2.58, so it can be said that the effect WFC has a negative and significant impact on JS (p< 0.01), therefore the fifth research hypothesis is confirmed. The findings of the sixth hypothesis of the research show that the coefficient of TW path on JS with the mediating role of JI has been obtained as -0.20. The t value has been obtained as 4.31, which is higher than the critical value of 2.58, it can be said that the effect of TW on JS is confirmed by the mediating role of JI (p< 0.01). According to table 2, based on the mediation of JI between TW and JS, The VAF is equal to 0.40, which shows that the total effect of TW on JS is indirectly explained by the mediating variable of JI and because this value is between 0.20 and 0.80 Mediation is partial. The findings of the seventh hypothesis of the research show that the coefficient of TW path on JS with the mediating role of WFC is 0.10. It can be said that the role of TW on the JS is confirmed with the mediating role of WFC (t = 2.21, p< 0.05). According to Table 2, the value of VAF statistic based on the mediation of WFC between TW and JS is equal to 0.52 which shows that the total effect of TW on JS is indirectly explained by the mediating variable of WFC. Table 2. The Results of Research Hypotheses Hypothesis Relationship Type of effect Path coefficient t statistic P-Values H1 TWà JS Direct 0.29 3.02 0.000 H2 TW à JI Direct 0.508 6.54 0.000 H3 TW à WFC Direct 0.356 3.54 0.000 H4 JIà JS Direct 0.389 3.81 0.000 H5 WFCà JS Direct 0.277 2.85 0.000 H6 TWàJIàJS indirect 0.2 4.31 0.000 Total 0.49 7.33 0.000 VAF 0.4 H7 TWà WFCà JS indirect 0.1 2.21 0.021 Total 0.19 5.22 0.000 VAF 0.52 Conclusion and suggestion The findings of this study showed that the effect of TW on JS was significant, which is consistent with the findings of Karácsony (2021), Brunelli and Fortin (2021), Cernas-Ortiz and Wai-Kwan (2021), which are done in Slovakia, Canada and Mexico respectively. The findings showed that the path coefficient of JI on JS is 0.38 which indicates that JI has a positive and significant effect on JS. The results of the studies of Petcu et al. (2021) and Wu and Zhou (2020) confirmed the finding. The path coefficient of WFC on JS is -0.27. Therefore, WFC has had a negative and significant effect on JS. This finding is in line with the findings of Purwanto et al. (2021). The research study also shows that the coefficient of TW path on JS with the mediating role of JI is estimated as -0.20. This finding is consistent with the findings of Wu and Zhou (2021) and Purwanto et al. (2021). The following points are suggested to managers of the government offices of Quds town: - When necessary, reduce the work pressures on employees by supporting, empowering them and by reducing the conflict between work and family among employees. - In remote working conditions, the time and quantity of work activities should not increase otherwise, job dissatisfaction and family problems will grow. *Corresponding author

https://cbs.ui.ac.ir/article_26950_338da5aaff4bc4f1e6f5596b53ac69c4.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان پژوهش های علوم شناختی و رفتاری 2251-7642 12 1 2022 08 23 The Evaluation of the structural equation model of factors affecting on marital intimacy in newlywed couples ارزیابی الگوی معادلات ساختاری عوامل مؤثر بر صمیمیت زناشویی زوج‌ها در دوران عقد 83 102 27006 10.22108/cbs.2022.134270.1667 FA ملیحه خبازی دانشجوی دکتری مشاوره، گروه روان‌شناسی مشاوره و تربیتی، دانشکدۀ علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران. سید علی کیمیایی دانشیار، گروه روان‌شناسی مشاوره و تربیتی، دانشکدۀ علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران. حسین کارشکی دانشیار، گروه روان‌شناسی مشاوره و تربیتی، دانشکدۀ علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران. علی مشهدی استاد، گروه روان‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ علوم تربیتی و روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه فردوسی مشهد، مشهد، ایران. Journal Article 2022 07 07 The present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the structural equation model of factors influencing marital intimacy in newlywed couples. The present study used a quantitative approach. The study employed a developmental research design using descriptive correlational method and path analysis. The statistical population of the present study included all the couples who participated in the marriage workshops of the Ministry of Social Justice and the Ministry of Sports and Youth of Shahrekord in the summer of 2019. The research sample included 200 couples (M=200 & F=200) who were selected by the convenience sampling method. The couples completed the Couples Intimacy, Marital Empathy, Self-Disclosure, and Marital Trust Questionnaires. The results showed that there is a significant and positive relationship between empathy and its components, self-disclosure and its components, and trust in marital intimacy (p<05). Furthermore, when investigating the modeling of the research variables with marital intimacy, the results showed that, with the mediating role of trust, self-disclosure and empathy are able to predict marital intimacy. Finally, regarding the results of the study, it can be said that exploring components affecting couples' intimacy can be important in improving the quality of their relationship and is effective in developing practical plans to improve the newlywed couples' relationship. Introduction The need for love and intimacy and a close relationship is one of the main reasons for marriage (Dandurand & Lafontaine, 2013). Empathy, self-disclosure and trust are among the interpersonal factors that influence marital intimacy. High levels of empathy are accompanied by positive relationships between couples; While responses lacking empathy lead to increased tension and conflict in the relationship (Perrone-McGovern, 2014). Self-disclosure or expression of feelings and attitudes is also one of the important dimensions of intimacy in romantic relationships (Sinclair & Dowdy, 2005). At times, empathy and self-disclosure do not result in intimacy, then, the existence of a variable called trust can play a mediating role alongside them. Trust is defined as a feeling of security and openness. Different levels of trust may exist in couple relationships (Khalifian & Barry, 2016). Intimate and romantic relationships are among the features and necessities of every marital relationship. The engagement phase is expected to be the most romantic period of marriage, and the formation of relationships and behaviors of couples during this period can influence the couples and their families in positive or negative ways (Razavi et al., 2019). Therefore, according to the aforementioned literature, intimacy is the key factor in maintaining marital relationships. Experts believe that since the number of divorces during Aghd period is increasing in recent years, improving marital intimacy and consequently, discovering its influencing factors can play a role in preventing marital conflicts. Thus, it sounds necessary to discover the factor structure of marital intimacy to identify the theoretical foundation of these problems and formulate appropriate interventions accordingly. Therefore, the current research aims to evaluate couple relationships during Aghd period and explore the pattern of structural relationships of factors affecting marital intimacy. Methods This developmental research employed a descriptive correlational method alongside path analysis. The statistical population of the study included all the couples who participated in the workshops concerning Aghd period held by the Ministry of Social Justice and the Ministry of Sports and Youth of Shahrekord in the summer of 2019. The research sample included 200 couples (male=200 and female=200) who were selected by convenience sampling method. The couples completed questionnaires of couple intimacy, marital empathy, self-disclosure and marital trust. The research was first approved by the biomedical ethics committee of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad under the number IR.U.M.REC.1399.052. Then, with the help of the Sports and Youth Organization of Shahrekord, the research questionnaires were distributed electronically among the couples participating in the workshops concerning the Aghd period. The data then was analyzed using statistical analysis software SPSS_21 and LISREL. The findings Based on the results, there is a positive and significant correlation between the total score of intimacy and empathy (r = 0.79, p < 0.01), self-disclosure (r = 0.79, p < 0.01) and trust (r = 0.76, p < 0.01). According to the results, the goodness of fit indices of GFI and AGFI in this model are estimated to be greater than the conventional value of 0.08, which shows the high power of the model in explaining the relationship between the mentioned variables. Moreover, the χ^2/df ratio is less than 3, which indicates the goodness of fit of the model; therefore, the results of the model are reliable and valid and the model is well fitted. Figure 1 shows the research model. Figure 1. Diagram of Structural Equations Model Tested When Significant Following, Sobel test is used to investigate the role of mediator. The test results are shown in Table 1. Table 1. Results of Mediation Effects using the Sobel Test Independent Mediator Dependent Effect 1 Effect 2 Error 1 Error 2 Z p Empathy Trust Intimacy 0.40 0.97 0.09 0.07 4.232 0.001 Self-disclosure Trust Intimacy 0.58 0.97 0.09 0.07 5.843 0.001 Discussion and conclusions The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationships of couples during the Aghd period, and evaluate the structural pattern of factors influencing marital intimacy. The results indicated that there is a significant positive relationship between empathy and its components, self-disclosure and its components, and trust with marital intimacy. Furthermore, when investigating the research modeling, it was found that empathy and self-disclosure are able to predict marital intimacy with the mediation of trust. Regarding the relationship between empathy and intimacy, it can be said that empathy makes couples have a loving view of each other and pay attention to each other's conversations, consequently, this leads to an increase in love and intimacy between them. Mitchell et al. (Mitchell, 2008) showed that self-disclosure and empathy are dimensions of forming intimacy between couples. In men, self-disclosure and empathy predict intimacy, and in women, self-disclosure and empathy of their life partner predict their intimacy. People who have less trust in their partners, are engaged in more arguments and conflicts, and when trust plays an essential role in a couple’s relationship, they will experience more intimacy and love (Murray et al, 2006). In explaining the mediating role of trust in predicting self-disclosure and marital intimacy, it can be stated that people are more likely to disclose themselves to people they trust. In marital relationships, couples who disclose a lot are likely to receive high disclosure as compared to those who disclose little in a closed relationship (Tang et al., 2013). In explaining the mediating role of trust in the relationship between empathy and intimacy, the main concept of empathy can be considered as the understanding of the mental state of another person, which includes both emotional and cognitive processes (Kim, 2017). Finally, as the results suggest, we can say that self-disclosure and trust are effective components in marital intimacy. Couples who are in the Aghd period may experience various problems in their relationship with each other due to insufficient understanding and specific conflicts of the period. The results indicated that paying attention to empathy, self-disclosure and trust can be effective in improving the quality of intimacy and couple relationships. In the present study, the results of the research are limited to the couples who lived in Shahrekord during the Aghd period, so, other researchers should act cautiously when generalizing the results to other couples, cultures, and cities. It is suggested to develope educational programs alongside research components in order to improve couples relationships. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی ارزیابی الگوی معادلات ساختاری عوامل مؤثر بر صمیمیت زناشویی زوج‌ها در دوران عقد صورت گرفت. در مطالعۀ حاضر از رویکرد کمّی استفاده شد. هدف پژوهش توسعه‌ای و روش آن توصیفی همبستگی از نوع تحلیل مسیر بود. جامعۀ آماری پژوهش حاضر شامل کلیۀ زوج‌های شرکت‌کننده در کارگاه‌های دوران عقد معاونت اجتماعی دادگستری و وزارت ورزش و جوانان شهرکرد در بازۀ زمانی تابستان 99 بودند. نمونۀ پژوهش 200 زوج (200= مرد و 200= زن) بودند و با روش نمونه‌گیری دردسترس انتخاب شدند. زوجین پرسشنامه‌های صمیمیت زوج‌ها، همدلی زناشویی، خوداِفشایی و اعتماد زناشویی را تکمیل کردند. نتایج نشان داد بین همدلی و مؤلفه‌های آن، خوداِفشایی و مؤلفه‌های آن و اعتماد با صمیمیت زناشویی رابطۀ معنادار و مثبتی وجود دارد. همچنین، در بررسی مدل‌یابی متغیرهای پژوهش با صمیمیت زناشویی نتایج بیانگر آن بود که خوداِفشایی و همدلی با واسطه‌گری اعتماد قادر به پیش‌بینی صمیمیت زناشویی هستند. در پایان، باتوجه‌به نتایج پژوهش می‌توان بیان کرد بررسی مؤلفه‌های اثرگذار بر صمیمیت زناشویی زوجین می‌تواند در بهبود کیفیت روابط آنان مهم باشد و در تدوین برنامه‌های عملی جهت بهبود روابط زوج‌های تازه‌مزدوج مؤثر است.

https://cbs.ui.ac.ir/article_27006_5bfddffc455585daf7d2c9ec41a5414f.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان پژوهش های علوم شناختی و رفتاری 2251-7642 12 1 2022 08 23 The development and evaluation of psychometric properties of the Economic-Psychological Resilience Scale (EPRS) ساخت و بررسی ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی مقیاس تاب‌آوری اقتصادی ‌ـ ‌روانی فرد (EPRS) 103 120 27010 10.22108/cbs.2022.133534.1647 FA سمیه پوراحسان استادیار گروه روان شناسی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شهید باهنر، کرمان، ایران سیدعبدالمجید جلائی اسفندآبادی استاد گروه اقتصاد، دانشکده اقتصاد و مدیریت، دانشگاه شهید باهنر، کرمان، ایرانن Journal Article 2022 05 05 The present study aimed to develop the Economic-Psychological Resilience Scale (EPRS) and evaluate its psychometric properties. To this end, a descriptive research method was used. The research population included all Kerman employed citizens in 2019. For this purpose, the items related to individual economic resilience were developed using the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale. Then, after preliminary reviews and content validation by experts in the field of economics and psychology, the scale was piloted on a sample of 30 individuals, and the final version of the scale was constructed. The Resilience Scale, the Goldberg General Health Questionnaire, and the Economic-Psychological Resilience Scale (EPRS) were administered to a sample of 384 persons who were selected using convenient sampling from different regions. Results: The results of the exploratory factor analysis of the developed scale showed the three-factor model consisted of three factors including problem analysis, self-efficacy, adaptability, and flexibility. AMOS software was used to confirm the construct validity of the model, and the results showed the appropriate fit of the second-order one-factor model. The analysis of the reliability and validity indexes of the scale shows that the scale has acceptable reliability and validity. Conclusion: Given the acceptable reliability and validity indices of this scale, it can be used in related research areas. Introduction Resilience is defined as the individual's ability to adapt to threatening or unfavorable situations (Garmezy & Masten, 1991; Waller, 2001). Resilience is to recover to the initial balance or a higher level of balance (in threatening situations) and therefore leads to successful adaptation in life (Kumpfer, 1999). Connor and Davidson (2003) consider resilience to be a person's ability to cope with a biological-psychological imbalance in dangerous situations. According to the definition proposed by Connor and Davidson, resilience is not only a passive concept in the face of difficult circumstances but also active and constructive participation in one's surrounding environment. Resilience is a protective factor against mental and physical health conditions (Hu et al., 2015; MacLeod et al., 2016). Resilience in economics refers to an inherent response and adaptation of individuals and communities to risks and losses to the extent that it empowers individuals to reduce potential damages and losses (Rose, 2004). The results of a study by Briguglio, Cordina, Farrugia, and Vella (2009) showed that economic vulnerability had a negative effect and economic resilience had a positive effect on GDP per capita. There are two different perspectives about the conceptualization of psychological resilience: Psychological resilience as an outcome (Bonanno, 2012) or as an individual capacity (e.g., Liu, Reed, & Girard, 2017; Nelson, Shacham, & Ben-ari, 2016). Resilience causes people to use their abilities to achieve success and growth in life in difficult and exhausting situations, despite the risk factors, and they use these challenges and difficulties as an opportunity to empower themselves (Agaibi & Wilson, 2005). Previous studies on resilience have been formed based on two different perspectives: A static and a dynamic perspective. The static perspective considers resilience to be the ability to recover where one stops after a stressful and unpredictable situation. The dynamic perspective, which has a transcendental view of simple recovery after a shock, instead emphasizes continuous adaptation to change and the creation of new opportunities. Accordingly, resilience capacity is a capacity that continually overcomes challenges and identifies new opportunities (Richtnér & Löfsten, 2014). In recent years, various studies have been conducted for the development and assessment of psychometric properties of resilience scales in different age groups (children and adolescents, young people, adults and the elderly) and in various fields such as family, university, and members of special groups or those with special problems and disorders (Ahern, Kiehl, Sole, & Byers, 2006; Linda & Caltabiano, 2009; Resnick & Inguito, 2011; Cassidy, 2016; Surzykiewicz, Konaszewski, & Wagnild, 2019; Hosseini & Hosseinchari, 2013; Kazeruni Zand, Sepehri Shamloo, & Mirzaeian, 2013). A review of the literature showed that no questionnaire could specifically measure a person's economic resilience and have high validity and reliability. Therefore, this study aimed to develop a researcher-made economic-psychological resilience scales with appropriate items and an acceptable level of reliability and validity. Research methodology This study employed a descriptive research design. The research population consisted of all working citizens over 18 years of age in Kerman in 2020. The reason for choosing people over 18 is that in Iran and any other country, people under 18 years of age are still economically dependent on their own family and it is not possible to accurately examine the economic resilience of this age group. The research sample was selected in two stages. In the first stage, 30 persons were selected and the developed scale was administered to them to assess the reliability of the items. Then, the final form of the scale was administered to 384 persons who were selected based on Cochran's formula and through convenient sampling from people living in all regions of the city of Kerman. Instruments TheEconomic-Psychological Resilience Scale (EPRS): This researcher-made scale contained 18 items scored based on 5-point Likert scale (totally agree = 5, agree = 4, no comment = 3, disagree = 2, and completely disagree = 1). Only the last item was scored reversely. Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISK): This tool was developed by Connor and Davidson by reviewing the studies in the literature from 1979 to 1991 in the United States in the field of resilience. This scale was translated and validated by Mohammadi (2005) for use in Iran. The results showed it is a single-factor scale and its reliability was measured by Cronbach's alpha method as equal to 0.89 and its validity using the correlation of each item with the total score was 0.41 to 0.64 General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ): This questionnaire was first developed in 1972 by Goldberg and Hillier and aims to differentiate between healthy and sick people (Goldberg & Hillier, 1972). The questionnaire has 60, 30, 28, and 12-item forms. The 28-item version was used in this study, which was developed by Goldberg and Hillier (1979) by running the factor analysis in its long-form. Results In general, the descriptive statistics show that economic resilience is not significantly different between the participants in terms of gender, marital status, and education, implying that these variables have no significant effect on economic resilience. To assess the content validity of the scale, 5 professors in the field of economics and 4 professors in psychology were surveyed and the content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI) were used. The CVR value was 0.80, and the corresponding values above 0.78 with 9 persons are acceptable. Besides, the CVI value was 85.8, which is higher than the acceptable value of 0.79. Exploratory factor analysis Before running the exploratory factor analysis, the internal consistency method was used to select the acceptable items and the items with at least a positive correlation of 0.3 were selected and the rest of the items were excluded. Besides, Item 3 with a correlation value smaller than 0.3 was omitted and the rest of the items remained in the analysis. Exploratory factor analysis was used to assess the underlying structure of the scale. First, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) sampling adequacy test was used to assess the initial fit of the data, and the Bartlett test of sphericity was used to ensure that the correlation matrix was not zero. the KMO value is higher than 0.6, and the Bartlett value (X2 = 1804.14) is significant (p<0.000), indicating that there is a high correlation between the items to analyze the factors. Besides, the diameters of the anti-image correlation matrix were all greater than 0.5, indicating the suitability of the data for performing factor analysis. In the exploratory factor analysis, which was performed using the principal components analysis by varimax rotation, the component analysis showed that from the seventh component onwards, the eigenvalues and the explained variances were insignificant. The first three components covered the acceptable variances and eigenvalues. However, the rest of the components did not have acceptable variance, so other criteria such as the percent variance and, most importantly, the three, four, five, and six-factor solutions were tested to obtain a simple structure. Given the simple structure criterion and the explained variance, the best solution, i.e. the three-factor structure, was chosen. This criterion can explain 42.45% of the variances of the items. Figure 1. Scree plot Based on the results of the scree test, the eigenvalues for 3 factors are 4.91, 1.64, and 1.51, respectively, which explain 42.45% of the observed variances. Based on the results of the factor analysis and given the items related to each factor, the first factor was named as “problem analysis”, the second factor as “self-efficacy”, and the third factor as “flexibility and adaptability”. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to assess the construct validity of the scale. Table 1: Absolute, comparative, and adjusted fit indices of the first order three-factor model CMIN/DF GFI AGFI RMSEA CFI 3 0/91 0/91 0/07 0/86 Table 1 presents the chi-square (CMIN/DF) value, comparative Fit Index (CFI), the goodness of fit index (GFI), adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI), and root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA). Since CMIN/DF ratio is equal to 3, the model is assumed to be suitable. Besides, the RMSEA value is smaller than 0.88 (RMSEA = 0.07) and the other indicators show the acceptable fit of the model, all supporting the second-order three-factor model. The reliability of the whole scale for 18 items estimated through Cronbach's alpha was 0.81. Besides, the corresponding values for the three subscales of problem analysis, self-efficacy, compatibility, and flexibility were 0.77, 0.69, and 0.58, respectively, indicating the acceptable reliability of the scale. To assess the convergent validity and discriminant validity of the scale, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale and Goldberg General Health Questionnaire were used. economic resilience has a positive significant correlation (r = 0.60) with resilience (p <0.000), indicating the convergence validity of the Economic-Psychological Resilience Scale (EPRS). Also, the general health subscales (somatic symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, psychosocial dysfunction, and severe depression) and the overall score of general health have a negative and significant correlation with resilience (p <0.000) with the corresponding values of 0.19, 0.26, 0.29, 0.28, and 0.31, respectively. Since higher scores on the general health questionnaire indicate a decrease in mental health, the results presented in the table above concerning the negative relationship of resilience with mental health and its subscales confirm the divergent validity of the Economic-Psychological Resilience Scale (EPRS). Conclusion This study aimed at developing the individual economic resilience scale and validating it among working citizens in Kerman. After reviewing the related literature on resilience and economic and psychological studies related to the definitions of resilience in both disciplines, 19 items were developed and analyzed. Based on the results of exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, Item 3 was removed due to low factor loads and correlation coefficients. Besides, the scale was validated using the content validity ratio (CVR) and content validity index (CVI). Exploratory factor analysis was run to extract the factors of the scale. The criterion for extracting the factors was the slope of the scree plot and the eigenvalues greater than 1.5 that were measured by the Varimax method. Besides, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test and the Bartlett test of sphericity were used to assess the adequacy of the sample size. The results showed the sampling adequacy for the construct validity of the scale. The factor analysis by the Warimax method showed that the scale contains 3 factors that can explain 42.45% of the whole variance of the scale, and these factors were named problem analysis, self-efficacy, adaptability, and flexibility. Besides, confirmatory factor analysis was run to confirm the one-factor structure of the scale. and the results confirmed the second-order one-factor model for the Economic-Psychological Resilience Scale (EPRS). The correlation of this scale with the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale shows that the developed scale has acceptable convergent and construct validity. Furthermore, the analysis of the relationship between the Goldberg General Health Questionnaire and its subscales with the Economic-Psychological Resilience Scale (EPRS) suggested acceptable discriminant validity of the scale. The assessment of the reliability index of the scale using Cronbach's alpha coefficient for 18 items showed that the reliability of the scale was 0.81. Besides, the corresponding values for the three subscales of problem analysis, self-efficacy, compatibility, and flexibility were 0.77, 0.69, and 0.58, respectively, indicating the acceptable reliability of the scale. Besides, the content validity of the scale was assessed by the experts in the two fields of psychology and educational sciences, and convergent and discriminant validity indexes of the scale were confirmed. The analysis of the reliability of the scale using Cronbach's alpha method also confirmed the reliability of the scale. One of the limitations of this study is that it was conducted on Kerman working citizens and the generalization of its findings to other countries should be done with caution. Accordingly, it is suggested that this scale be re-validated in other countries, cultures, and situations. Furthermore, confirmatory factor analysis and other assessments such as predictive criterion validity and test-retest reliability were not performed, and future research can take into account these factors. * Corresponding author هدف از پژوهش حاضر، ساخت و بررسی ویژگی‌های روان‌سنجی مقیاس تاب‌آوری اقتصادی‌ـ‌روانی فرد است. روش پژوهش، توصیفی و جامعۀ آماری شامل کلیۀ شهروندان شاغل کرمان در سال 1399 است. به‌این‌منظور، ابتدا گویه‌های مرتبط با تاب‌آوری اقتصادی فردی با استفاده از پرسشنامۀ تاب‌آوری ساخته و پس از بررسی‌های اولیه و تعیین روایی محتوایی و نظر کارشناسان مربوطه در حوزۀ اقتصاد و روان‌شناسی به‌صورت ابتدایی بر یک نمونۀ 30 نفری از افراد نمونه اجرا شد و درنهایت، مقیاس ساخته شد. پرسشنامۀ تاب‌آوری و پرسشنامۀ سلامت عمومی گلدبرگ به‌همراه پرسشنامۀ اقتصادی‌ـ‌روانی بر نمونه با تعداد 384 نفر از جامعه انتخاب شد که با روش نمونه‌گیری دردسترس از مناطق مختلف شهر کرمان انتخاب شدند. یافته‌ها: تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی این مقیاس نشان‌دهندۀ مدل سه‌عاملی شامل سه عامل تحلیل مسئله، خودکارآمدی و سازگاری و انعطاف‌پذیری است و برای تأیید ساختار این مدل از نرم‌افزار AMOS استفاده شد و نتایج نشان‌دهندۀ برازش مناسب مدل تک‌عاملی مرتبۀ دوم است. بررسی ضرایب پایایی و روایی نشان‌دهندۀ معتبر و روابودن این مقیاس است. نتیجه‌گیری: اعتبار و روایی مناسب این مقیاس می‌تواند مجوزی برای استفادۀ آن در حوزه‌های پژوهشی مرتبط باشد.

https://cbs.ui.ac.ir/article_27010_95c2ed4dd95eeb7acef90ca16d00e80d.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان پژوهش های علوم شناختی و رفتاری 2251-7642 12 1 2022 08 23 The Mediating Role of Savoring Beliefs in the Relationship among Family Functioning, Life Satisfaction and Depression بررسی نقش میانجی‌گری‌ باورهای لذت‌بردن در رابطۀ بین عملکرد خانواده، رضایت از زندگی و افسردگی 121 140 27381 10.22108/cbs.2023.134509.1674 FA ذبیح الله کاوه فارسانی استادیار گروه مشاوره، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران. مائده رجایی کارشناسی مشاوره و راهنمایی، دانشکده ادبیات و علوم انسانی دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران. Journal Article 2022 07 31 This study investigated the mediating role of savoring beliefs in the relationship among family functioning, life satisfaction and depression. The research method was descriptive (of correlational and structural equations modeling (SEM)). A total of 250male and female participants were selected from among married males and females in Isfahan using purposive sampling method according to the inclusion and the exclusion criteria. They filled out Adaptive Family functioning scale, Savoring Beliefs Inventory, Depressive Symptoms scale, and Diener’s Satisfaction with Life scale. Data analysis was conducted through Pearson correlation method and structural equation modeling using SPSS (version 23) and AMOS23. The results showed a positive and significant relationship among family functioning, life satisfaction and savoring beliefs. The results indicated a negative and significant relationship between the above-mentioned variables and depression (p < 0.001). In addition, the indirect effect of family functioning on depression was mediated through savoring beliefs, and that of family functioning while life satisfaction was mediated through savoring beliefs (p <0.05). The findings of this study emphasized the role of savoring beliefs (i.e., enjoying positive experiences) as an important correlation in the psychological consequences of Iranian families. As a result, the findings of this study can be used to improve the psychological problems of couples in Iran. introduction Positive psychology is one of the newest branches of psychology; many research studies have confirmed the importance of this psychological approach in both individual and marital life (James & Walters, 2020). One of the well-formed concepts in the field of positive psychology and communication is the concept of savoring (Pitts, 2019). With regard to marital savoring, we can refer to Oien’s (2019) study which showed that savoring in the relationship through savoring the memory or common experiences has constructive effects on the strength of marital relationship (Oien, 2019). One of the variables related to savoring in this study is life satisfaction. Regarding the relationship between savoring beliefs and life satisfaction, it seems that people improve their life satisfaction while experiencing positive events through using savoring strategies such as focusing on the present, expressing how much a person enjoys life and current positive events with his wife, and re-experiencing the same events (Quoidbach etal, 2010). Another variable investigated in this study is depression. Regarding the relationship between savoring beliefs and depression, it can be stated that savoring strategies strengthen positive emotions, and are associated with a greater frequency of positive emotions, which reduces depression (Gentzler etal, 2015; Quoidbach etal, 2010). Finally, another variable investigated in this study is family functioning. Manzi et al.’s study (2010) showed that if the family relationships of young people are cohesive, their life satisfaction will probably be relatively high; it will reduce depression (Manzi et al, 2010). Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the mediating role of savoring beliefs in the relationship among family functioning, life satisfaction and depression. Materials &Method The current study was descriptive-correlational using structural equations. The statistical population included all married men and women living in Isfahan in 2021-2022. From among them, 250 individuals were selected through convenience sampling method. They filled out the questionnaires of Adaptive Family functioning scale, Savoring Beliefs Inventory, Depressive Symptoms scale, and Diener’s Satisfaction with Life scale. Data analysis was conducted through Pearson correlation method and structural equation modeling using SPSS (version 23) and AMOS23. Findings The findings of the present study indicated a positive and significant correlation among family functioning, life satisfaction and depression. In addition, there was a negative and significant relationship between these variables and depression (P < 0.001). Furthermore, the fit indices of the model, including NFI, GFI and CFI, were estimated to be 0.980, 0.988 and 0.994, respectively (they were all higher than the acceptable value of 0.90). The RMSEA index was 0.04, the model was appropriate. Moreover, the coefficients of the direct path of family functioning to life satisfaction (β = 0.50) and depression (β = 0.36), and savoring beliefs to life satisfaction (β = 0.36) and depression (β = -0.19) were statistically significant (P < 0.001). Finally, the data confirmed the mediating role of savoring beliefs in the relationship among family functioning, depression and life satisfaction (P < 0.005). Discussion and conclusion This research study was conducted with the objective of investigating the mediating role of savoring beliefs in the relationship among family functioning, life satisfaction and depression. The results indicated a positive and significant relationship among family functioning, life satisfaction and savoring beliefs and a negative and significant relationship between the above-mentioned variables and depression. Furthermore, the indirect effect of family functioning on depression was confirmed through the mediation of savoring beliefs. The indirect effect of family functioning on life satisfaction was confirmed through savoring beliefs. As the findings of this study showed, family functioning was an important predictor of depression and life satisfaction. The family’s functioning improves through more cohesion and expression and less conflict in the family. As a result, an individual may experience more satisfaction and less depression with life. These findings are consistent with those of Heaven et al.’s (1996) study. Another finding of this study indicated the mediating role of savoring beliefs (as a mediator) in the relationship among family functioning, depression symptoms and life satisfaction. This finding is consistent with those of Garland et al.’s (2015) study. According to Bryant’s (2003) study, people have more ability to savor through recalling a pleasant memory because the process of remembering positive events and memories becomes easy and habitual for them over time. On the other hand, savoring through expecting positive events in the future can also make people happy in some cases. Therefore, the results of this research study can be added to the existing literature on family counseling in the field of the mediating role of savoring beliefs in relationship among family functioning, life satisfaction and depression among married men and women in Iran. Limitations of the study The current study is correlational. Therefore, it is not possible to use causal inferences in examining the findings of this study. Hence, future experimental research studies are recommended. Moreover, the current study only used a self-report questionnaire to evaluate the variables; it is suggested to use other methods such as interviews, behavioral observations, physiological evaluations, or interviews in future studies. Corresponding author هدف از پژوهش حاضر، بررسی نقش میانجی‌گری‌ باورهای لذت‌بردن در رابطۀ بین عملکرد خانواده، رضایت از زندگی و افسردگی بود. روش پژوهش توصیفی از نوع همبستگی و معادلات ساختاری و جامعۀ آماری شامل کلیۀ زنان و مردان متأهل ساکن شهر اصفهان در سال 1401-1400 بودند که از بین آنها 250 نفر ازطریق نمونه‌گیری دردَسترس انتخاب شدند و به پرسشنامه‌های باورهای لذت‌بردن بریانت (2003)، رضایت از زندگی داینر و همکاران (1985)، عملکرد خانوادگی موس و موس (2009) و مقیاس افسردگی کرونکه و همکاران (2001) پاسخ دادند. برای تحلیل داده‌ها از نرم‌افزارهای SPSS23 و AMOS23 و روش‌های همبستگی پیرسون و تحلیل مدل‌یابی معادلات ساختاری استفاده شد. نتایج رابطۀ مثبت و معنادار بین عملکرد خانوادگی، رضایت از زندگی و باورهای لذت‌بردن و رابطۀ منفی و معناداری با افسردگی را نشان دادند (001/0p<). همچنین، اثر غیرمستقیم عملکرد خانوادگی با افسردگی ازطریق میانجی‌گری باورهای لذت‌بردن و عملکرد خانوادگی و رضایت از زندگی ازطریق باورهای لذت‌بردن تأیید شد (05/0p<). یافته‌های پژوهش نشان می‌دهد باورهای لذت‌بردن (لذت‌بردن از تجربیات مثبت) نقش مهمی به‌عنوان یک همبستۀ مهم در پیامدهای روان‌شناختی خانواده‌های ایرانی دارد؛ درنتیجه، می‌توان از یافته‌های این پژوهش برای بهبود مسائل روان‌شناختی زوج‌ها در ایران استفاده کرد.

https://cbs.ui.ac.ir/article_27381_0eaa59bbaf9026666fc79f2f6c6b0ff4.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان پژوهش های علوم شناختی و رفتاری 2251-7642 12 1 2022 08 23 The Effect of Unified Transdiagnostic Treatment on the Improvement of Internalizing Behavioral Problems, Emotional Regulation, and Empathy in Children with Anxiety Disorders تأثیر درمان یکپارچۀ فراتشخیصی بر بهبود مشکلات رفتاری درونی‌سازی‌شده، تنظیم هیجان و همدلی کودکان دچار اختلالات اضطرابی 141 164 26929 10.22108/cbs.2022.133945.1655 FA شیرین پولادی دانشجوی دکتری گروه روان‌شناسی، واحد ارسنجان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ارسنجان، ایران. محمد مهدی حسن شاهی استادیار گروه روان‌شناسی، واحد ارسنجان، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، ارسنجان، ایران. محمد ربیعی دانشیار گروه مشاوره، دانشگاه شهرکرد، شهرکرد، ایران. ناصر باقری استادیار گروه روان‌شناسی، واحد شهرکرد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، شهرکرد، ایران. Journal Article 2022 06 22 This study aimed to investigate the effect of Unified Transdiagnostic treatment on improving internalizing behavioral problems, emotional regulation, and empathy in children with anxiety disorders. The present study was a single case pilot design of multiple baseline designs with different subjects that were performed on three patients (8,9,10 years) in 15 sessions with two follow-up periods of 2 months. Data were analyzed using visual drawing methods, stable change index, and recovery percentage. The instruments used included a Child Behavioral Checklist (parent form), an Emotion Regulation Checklist, and Griffith Empathy Measure. The results of Unified Transdiagnostic treatment showed that all three children with anxiety disorders, during treatment and after treatment, showed a significant reduction in child behavioral scores, emotion regulation, and empathy, and therapeutic achievements were maintained during the two 2-month periods. The results showed the effectiveness of Unified Transdiagnostic treatment in the scores of subscales of internalizing behavioral problems in the child's behavioral list, emotion regulation subscales, and empathy subscales in children with anxiety disorders. Introduction One of the most common internalizing disorders of childhood and adolescence is anxiety disorders, which are associated with excessive fear, anxiety, and behavioral abnormalities (Creswel, Waite, & Hudson, 2020). According to epidemiological studies, one out of every 10 people suffers from one of the anxiety disorders before the age of 16 (Ghandour et al, 2019). Due to the high prevalence, traumatic nature, and meaning of this category of disorders, finding innovative approaches in description, etiology, treatment, and prevention strategies are one of the main lines of research in this field, and the Unified Transdiagnostic approach is one of the newest methods. The Unified Transdiagnostic approach focuses on the significant overlap in the phenomenology of emotional disorders, etiology or common vulnerability factors in their formation, and the generalization of the therapeutic outcome of one disorder to other disorders (Sauer-Zavala, 2017). Accordingly, the identification of common pathological processes among these disorders has been able to lead to both the explanation of their nature and the development of efficient meta-diagnostic protocols for the treatment of these disorders. One of the most important Transdiagnostic variables of internalizing and externalized childhood disorders is emotional dysregulation and empathy ability. Psychiatrists believe that emotional dysregulation is one of the common vulnerability factors in the formation of many mental disorders, including anxiety disorders. Researchers believe that children with anxiety disorders cannot regulate their emotions well (Melero et al, 2020) and have difficulty with empathy (Battagliese et al, 2015). Various methods have been used to treat the psychological injuries of children suffering from anxiety disorders. One of the newest treatments is the integrated protocol for emotional disorders in children and adolescents. In Unified Transdiagnostic treatment, these common factors as well as emotions and maladaptive strategies of emotion regulation are emphasized, and emotional experience and response to emotions are the main basis of this approach (Barlow et al, 2011). Caiado et al. (2022), in the study of the efficacy of Unified Transdiagnostic treatment for Portuguese children, reported a significant reduction in children's anxiety and/or depression symptoms and the continuation of the therapeutic effect after 3 months of follow-up. Many other studies also reported that transdiagnostic integrated treatment is effective in improving the symptoms of anxiety disorders, adjusting emotion regulation strategies and empathy in children (Kennedy et al., 2020; Løvaas et al, 2020; Fujisato et al, 2021). According to the above, this study examines whether Unified Transdiagnostic therapy affects improving internalized behavior problems, emotion regulation, and empathy in children with anxiety disorders. Research method The present study was a single-case experimental design of the multiple baseline design type with different subjects and continuous measurement. The statistical population of the present study was all children aged 8 to 10 years who, within the scope of the research, referred to psychiatrists and psychologists' offices in Shahrekord to receive therapeutic interventions. Among them, three children who had received a definitive diagnosis of anxiety disorders based on DSM5 multidimensional evaluations, diagnosis of psychiatrist, psychologist, and parent form of child behavior list, were selected and entered treatment by purposeful sampling method. Subjects were evaluated at the baseline, treatment, post-treatment, and two follow-up periods (2 months) using the child behavior inventory (parent form), Emotion Regulation Checklist, and Griffith Empathy Measure. Results Table 1. Mean, Recovery Percent, and Reliable Change Index of the Baseline, Intervention, and Follow-Up Periods in the Child Behavior Checklist Internalizing Anxious/Depressed Somatic Complaints Withdrawn Statistical indicators 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 subject 40.33 44.33 38.33 28 23.66 14.66 4 14.66 13.5 8.33 6 10 Baseline Mean 26.66 25.33 23.66 19.5 13.83 8.66 2.66 7.16 8.33 4.5 4.33 6.66 Treatment Mean %68 %79.7 %71.4 %67.8 %83.3 %65.5 %75 %86.2 %85.1 %64.7 %50 %60 Treatment Recovery percentage %57.8 %79.7 %71.4 %67.5 %83.3 %68.9 %87.5 %86.2 %85.1 %64.7 %50 %60 Follow-up Recovery percentage 5.66 8.27 5.99 6.44 7.19 3.22 3.4 12.75 13.06 3.66 1.77 3.97 Treatment reliable change index Table 1 shows the percentage of recovery after treatment and after follow-up of the studied subjects in different subscales of internalized problems. Based on the obtained results, the effectiveness of Unified Transdiagnostic treatment in both intervention and follow-up stages is placed in the category of successful treatment. The value of the reliable index is also higher than 1.96 in all the subjects, which shows that there is a clinically significant difference between the average of the subscales, before and after the intervention. Table 2. Mean, Recovery Percent, and Reliable Change Index of the Baseline, Intervention, and Follow-Up Periods in Emotion Regulation and Empathy Variables Cognitive empathy Emotional empathy Instability-negativity Emotion regulation Statistical indicators 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 subject 21.3 20 22.6 17.6 23.6 14 51 39.6 45.6 18 18.3 14.6 Baseline Mean 16 14 18 24.1 32.3 22 36 26.6 34 23.5 25.3 22 Treatment Mean %53.1 %65 %55.8 %52.8 %64.8 %92.8 %60.7 %52 %44.5 %61.1 %69.1 %77.3 Treatment Recovery percentage %60.1 %65 %65 %52.8 %66.9 %89.2 %60.7 %52 %46.2 %66.6 %69.1 %77.3 Follow-up Recovery percentage 4.5 4.9 5.3 3.7 7.5 5.4 4.7 7.8 7.1 5.5 6 5.5 Treatment reliable change index Table 2 shows the percentage of recovery after the intervention and follow-up of the studied subjects in emotion regulation and empathy indicators. Based on the results, Unified Transdiagnostic treatment has been successful in regulating emotion and empathy in both intervention and follow-up stages. It should be noted that the value of the reliable change index in emotion regulation subscales and empathy in all subjects is higher than 1.96, which shows that the changes after the intervention and in the follow-up phase are clinically significant. Discussion and conclusion The present study was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of Unified Transdiagnostic treatment on internalizing behavioral problems, emotion regulation, and empathy of children suffering from anxiety disorders. The results showed that Unified Transdiagnostic treatment was effective in reducing internalized behavioral problems, improving emotion regulation, instability-negativity, and emotional and cognitive empathy of children with anxiety disorders, and statistical and clinical changes in passing from the intervention period to the first and the second follow-up period (2 and 4 months) has continued. These findings are in line with previous research (Kennedy et al, 2020; Løvaas et al, 2019; Løvaas et al, 2020), support the Unified Transdiagnostic model for the treatment of emotional disorders In explaining the mechanism of the Unified Transdiagnostic treatment effect, it can be said that one of the important parts of this treatment protocol is increasing emotional awareness and understanding the nature of emotions using mindfulness techniques. In therapy sessions, children and their parents were taught about investigating and recognizing emotions so that they can recognize all kinds of emotions and emotional situations, respond to their emotions more consistently, tolerate negative emotions, and face them. From another point of view, this treatment helps children and their parents to have a better understanding of the interaction of thoughts, body sensations, and behaviors in creating emotional experiences and recognizing them. Also, during the treatment process, parents were taught how to express empathy with their children. Also, during treatment, children learned to gain a better understanding of their emotional experiences, including the triggers of emotions and the consequences of emotional behaviors. In this therapeutic intervention, they learned that avoiding emotions and emotional situations can cause them to escape from emotional situations and not control them. Therefore, they learned how to face emotions and manage them and were able to regulate their emotions in different situations by interacting efficiently with their mothers. All these skills, by correcting the wrong habits of emotional regulation, lead to reducing the intensity of the difficulty in regulating emotions and returning emotions to the level of proper functioning and the ability of proper empathy. The small size of the examined sample and the use of a purposed sampling method can make it difficult to generalize the results. It is suggested to implement this research in the framework of experimental designs with the control group. This research ensures that Unified Transdiagnostic treatment is an efficient protocol with met diagnostic value and stability of achievements over time. Therefore, this method seems to be a flexible and valuable treatment for psychotherapists for clients who internalize a wide range of psychopathologies, while it seems that more research is still needed. * Corresponding author پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی تأثیر درمان یکپارچۀ فراتشخیصی بر بهبود مشکلات رفتاری درونی‌سازی‌شده، تنظیم هیجان و همدلی کودکان دچار اختلالات اضطرابی انجام شد. پژوهش حاضر یک طرح آزمایشی تک‌موردی از نوع طرح خط پایۀ چندگانه با 3 آزمودنی متفاوت (8، 9 و 10 سال) بود که طی 15 جلسۀ درمانی و دو دورۀ پیگیری 2ماهه اجرا شد. داده‌ها با استفاده از روش‌های ترسیم دیداری، شاخص تغییر پایا و درصد بهبودی تجزیه‌وتحلیل شدند. ابزارهای استفاده‌شده شامل سیاهۀ رفتاری کودک (فرم والدین)، چک‌لیست تنظیم هیجان و پرسشنامۀ همدلی گریفیث بود. نتایج درمان یکپارچۀ فراتشخیصی نشان داد هر سه کودک مبتلا به اختلالات اضطرابی، در طی درمان و پس از درمان، کاهش درخورِ‌ملاحظه‌ای در نمرات سیاهۀ رفتاری کودک، تنظیم هیجان و همدلی نشان دادند و دستاوردهای درمانی در دو دورۀ 2ماهۀ پیگیری حفظ شد. یافته‌ها حاکی‌از اثربخشی درمان یکپارچۀ فراتشخیصی در نمرات زیرمقیاس‌های مشکلات رفتاری درونی‌سازی‌شده در سیاهۀ رفتاری کودک، زیرمقیاس‌های تنظیم هیجان و زیرمقیاس‌های همدلی، در کودکان دچار اختلالات اضطرابی بود. طبق یافته‌های این پژوهش می‌توان نتیجه‌گیری کرد که درمان یکپارچۀ فراتشخیصی در بهبود مشکلات رفتاری درونی‌سازی‌شده، تنظیم هیجان و توانایی همدلی کودکان دچار اختلالات اضطرابی اثربخش است و براین‌اساس استفاده از این روش به متخصصان این حوزۀ درمانی توصیه می‌شود.

https://cbs.ui.ac.ir/article_26929_0a260308227fe7e514d5f0bda41cae9f.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان پژوهش های علوم شناختی و رفتاری 2251-7642 12 1 2022 08 23 Structural Relationship of Negative Affect, Dysfunctional Attitudes, Negative Automatic Thoughts, and Depressive Symptoms: Mediating Role of Emotion Dysregulation روابط ساختاری عاطفۀ منفی، نگرش‌های ناکارآمد و افکار اتوماتیک منفی با نشانه‌های افسردگی: نقش میانجی بدتنظیمی هیجان 165 184 27027 10.22108/cbs.2022.135358.1694 FA علی محرابی استادیار، گروه روانشناسی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران پروانه محمدخانی استاد، گروه روانشناسی بالینی، دانشکده علوم رفتاری، دانشگاه علوم توانبخشی و سلامت اجتماعی، تهران، ایران بهروز دولتشاهی دانشیار، گروه روانشناسی بالینی، دانشکده علوم رفتاری، دانشگاه علوم توانبخشی و سلامت اجتماعی، تهران، ایران عباس پورشهباز دانشیار، گروه روانشناسی بالینی، دانشکده علوم رفتاری، دانشگاه علوم توانبخشی و سلامت اجتماعی، تهران، ایران غلامرضا خیرآبادی دانشیار، گروه روانپزشکی و مرکز تحقیقات علوم رفتاری، دانشکده پزشکی، دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران Journal Article 2022 10 12 Some temperamental vulnerability factors along with cognitive vulnerability variables are essential to understand depression. Recent conceptualizations for depression, have also focused on emotions and their dysregulation, regarding their potential role in the development, exacerbation, or maintenance of emotional disorders. However, theoretical associations between emotion regulation and the cognitive model's constructs have remained unclear. The present study examined the mediating role of emotion dysregulation in the relationship between negative affect, dysfunctional attitudes, and negative automatic thoughts with depressive symptoms. The design was descriptive – correlational and data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). Population of the current study were some volunteer people who lived in Tehran and Isfahan, in that, 250 of them were selected via convenience sampling following a public announcement. After that, participants responded to Beck depression inventory-II, automatic thoughts questionnaire, cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire, positive and negative affect scale, and dysfunctional attitudes scale. The results of SEM showed that the conceptual model of the research had a good fitness to research data. In addition, all direct and indirect path coefficients were statistically significant. Therefore, the supposed mediating role of emotion dysregulation was approved. According to the results, it can be inferred that emotion dysregulation might be one of the mechanisms through which temperamental and cognitive vulnerability factors lead to depressive symptoms. Introduction Previous studies indicate that dysfunctional attitudes can lead to depression symptoms both directly (Villalobos et al., 2021) and indirectly, by activating another level of thinking, called negative automatic thoughts (Beck, 2020; Clark and Beck, 2010). Temperamental factors such as behavioral inhibition and negative affect are among the factors that provide the basis for the creation and continuation of emotional problems (anxiety and depression) (Suveg et al., 2010). Nevertheless, a significant percentage of people with high negative affect do not experience high levels of anxiety symptoms, and ultimately clinical anxiety and depression (Tortella-Feliu et al., 2010). Therefore, it is thought that some other factors, including different methods of emotion regulation, may have a mediating role in the relationship between negative affect and the occurrence of mood and anxiety symptoms. Investigating the role of emotion regulation in the relationship between cognitive model constructs and depression severity is important for expanding and increasing the effectiveness of the cognitive theory of depression. It can help to identify the mechanisms involved in the occurrence and maintenance of depression. The present study was conducted to investigate the mediating role of emotion dysregulation in the relationship between negative affect, dysfunctional attitudes, and negative automatic thoughts with depressive symptoms. Method The research design was a descriptive correlation, which was done in the form of structural equation modeling. Among the Normal people of Isfahan and Tehran who volunteered to participate in the research (N = 314); 250 people were selected based on inclusion and exclusion criteria and were assessed by using positive and negative affect Scale (PANAS), dysfunctional attitudes scale (DAS), negative automatic thoughts questionnaire (ATQ-N), cognitive emotion regulation questionnaire (CERQ) and Beck depression Inventory (BDI-II). Data analysis was done with the structural equation modeling method using Amos23. Results The results showed that the conceptual model of the study has a good fit and the general structure of the tested relationships is confirmed through the obtained data. Moreover, all direct and indirect coefficients of the research model were confirmed. Since no direct effects of negative affect or dysfunctional attitudes towards depression was investigated, the explained variance of depression was entirely the result of the sum of indirect effects exerted through emotion dysregulation. These results, in addition to confirming the fitness of the mediating model, indicate the mediating role of emotion dysregulation in the path between negative affect and dysfunctional attitudes towards automatic thoughts and depressive symptoms. The results obtained from the structural equation modeling and testing the research conceptual model can be seen in Figure (1). Figure 1: Structural equation modeling of predicting depression symptoms based on negative affect and dysfunctional attitudes with the mediating role of emotion dysregulation and negative automatic thoughts in the standard estimation mode Discussion Based on the results of this research, it can be said that emotion dysregulation is a mechanism that can mediate the effect of temperamental and cognitive factors on depressive symptoms. In other words, the effect of negative affect and dysfunctional attitudes in creating and aggravating depression symptoms is applied through emotional dysregulation and negative automatic thoughts. In general, the results of this study have important implications for psychological assessment. One implication is the potential support of trans-diagnostic models. Although a detailed investigation of this issue requires larger studies that cover depression and anxiety disorders simultaneously, it can be said that the results of the present study, along with recent studies conducted by some researchers such as Chaharmahali et al. (2020), can support the trans-diagnostic models of psychopathology in Iranian society. In these models, it is generally assumed that some mediating cognitive and behavioral mechanisms play a role in creating or at least maintaining mental disorders such as depression. Emotion regulation is one of the most important of these processes (Aldao et al., 2010). Due to the nature of cross-sectional studies, it is not possible to prove a definite causal relationship between variables in this study, and the present results only raise possibilities about the pattern of such relationships. In addition, the composition of the participants was not the same in terms of gender, in that women constituted a higher percentage of the sample size. This combination can be consistent with other countries of the world, reflecting the difference in the prevalence of depression in men and women. Thus, maintaining this combination in the research increases its external validity. At the same time, this advantage can also be presented as a limitation, which is the reduction of the internal validity of the study; if this gender difference between the two groups is related to other factors not measured in this work, it might have left an unwanted systematic effect on the results. Another limitation of the current study is that the variable of emotion regulation was measured only through a self-report questionnaire, which may not contain accurate results as participants may use less or more emotion regulation strategies than what actually was reported. برخی متغیرهای مرتبط با آسیب‌پذیری مزاجی (ازقبیل عاطفه‌مندی منفی) و شناختی (مثل نگرش‌های ناکارآمد)، عواملی مهم در ابتلای افراد به اختلال‌های افسردگی شناخته شده‌اند. اخیراً بر نقش بد‌تنظیمی هیجان نیز در ایجاد، تداوم یا تشدید اختلال‌های هیجانی، ازجمله افسردگی تأکید شده است؛ اما جایگاه این سازه در کنار سایر متغیرها و نوع ارتباط آنها با هم، هنوز به‌طور دقیق مشخص نشده است. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی نقش میانجی بدتنظیمی هیجان در رابطۀ بین عاطفۀ منفی، نگرش‌های ناکارآمد و افکار اتوماتیک منفی با نشانه‌های افسردگی انجام شد. روش پژوهش، توصیفی‌ـ‌همبستگی بود و داده‌ها با روش مدل‌یابی معادلات ساختاری (SEM) تحلیل شد. جامعۀ آماری پژوهش، افراد عادی داوطلب از شهرهای مرکزی اصفهان و تهران بودند که از میان آنها تعداد 250 نفر به‌روش نمونه‌گیری دردسترس انتخاب شدند. ابزارهای پژوهش، پرسشنامه‌های عاطفۀ مثبت و منفی (PANAS)، نگرش‌های ناکارآمد (DAS)، افکار اتوماتیک منفی (ATQ-N)، تنظیم شناختی هیجان (CERQ) و افسردگی بک (BDI-II) بود. نتایج حاصل از مدل‌یابی معادلات ساختاری نشان داد که مدل مفهومی پژوهش از برازش مناسبی برخوردار است و همۀ ضرایب مسیر آن نیز معنادار بود. همچنین، نقش میانجی‌گری بدتنظیمی هیجان در رابطۀ بین عاطفۀ منفی و نگرش‌های ناکارآمد با افکار اتوماتیک منفی و درنهایت نشانه‌های افسردگی تأیید شد. باتوجه‌به نتایج پژوهش، می‌توان گفت که بدتنظیمی هیجان یکی از مکانیسم‌های اثر عاطفۀ منفی و نگرش‌های ناکارآمد بر شدت افکار اتوماتیک منفی و نشانه‌های افسردگی است.

https://cbs.ui.ac.ir/article_27027_e3a45a5817d84d822ea38e78e41771d3.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان پژوهش های علوم شناختی و رفتاری 2251-7642 12 1 2022 08 23 Recognition of Consumer Preferences from EEG Signals Using Discrete Wavelet Transformation, Lempel-Ziv Complexity, and Deep Neural Network تشخیص ترجیحات مصرف‎کننده از سیگنال‎های EEG به‌کمک تبدیل موجک گسسته، پیچیدگی لمپل زیو و شبکۀ عصبی عمیق 185 204 27321 10.22108/cbs.2023.133174.1636 FA سید عابد حسینی استادیار، گروه مهندسی برق، واحد مشهد، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، مشهد، ایران. Journal Article 2022 04 08 Neuromarketing is the application of neuropsychology in marketing research to study the sensorimotor behavior of consumers such as cognitive and emotional responses to marketing stimuli with the help of new technologies. The performance of priority detection systems based on brain signals depends on the appropriate selection of feature extraction methods and machine learning algorithm. At first, EEG signals were pre-processed by low-pass and Savitzky Golay filters, and the features of discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and Lampel-Ziv complexity (LZC) were extracted from them. After that the features are normalized and divided into training and testing. Later on, the normalized features are given to a four-layer deep neural network (DNN) to predict the results of the training. Finally, the proposed model is ready to use. To evaluate the performance of the proposed model, parameters of precision, recall, and accuracy have been considered. The results show that a precision of 82%, recall of 87.5%, and accuracy of 87.5% for distinguishing the two categories of liking and disliking have been obtained in an average of five runs. In this study, the effect of advertising on the brain activity of consumers was investigated by analyzing EEG signals. Experimental results of the proposed model show that studies in this field can change and improve marketing strategies to improve producer performance and consumer satisfaction, leading to a mutual benefit. Introduction Neuromarketing is the study of brain reactions using medical technologies in response to marketing stimuli (Amin et al., 2020). By analyzing the collected information, companies try to find the reasons for consumer decisions to buy goods. They also want to understand which brain regions become more active during decision-making. Neuromarketing researchers assume that most consumer decisions are made unconsciously and in a fraction of a second. They also believe that the choices and decisions consumers make are often based on emotions instead of product comparison. Therefore, consumers’ emotions influence decision-making. On the other hand, consumer feelings can be highly influenced by internal and external factors. Detecting the consumer’s emotional state reveals his/her real preferences (Aldayel et al., 2020). The feeling and understanding caused by advertising make the consumer buy a particular product. Neuromarketing studies are done through recording or analyzing biometric data, or through a combination of them such as electroencephalography (EEG), facial expression, movement pattern recognition, eye tracking, and galvanic skin response (GSR). A consumer preference recognition system based on EEG signals helps to understand consumer behavior and discover how a person makes a purchase decision. Understanding this, helps marketers and organizations to increase customer satisfaction, positive customer experiences, consumer loyalty, and revenue (Aldayel et al., 2020). Materials and Methods In this article, the EEG signals of 25 participants were used while viewing 14 different internet products of three different types. Such signals were recorded through 14 channels at different head surface areas with the international 10-20 system including AF3, F7, F3, FC5, T7, P7, O1, O2, P8, T8, FC6, F4, F8, and AF4. Common mode sense (CMS) and driven right leg (DRL) reference electrodes are placed at P3 and P4 positions above the ear. First, the EEG signals are pre-processed by band pass filter and Savitzky Golay filter. Then, the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and Lampel-Ziv complexity (LZC) features are extracted from them. After that, normalized features are divided into two parts of training and testing. In the proposed model, the four-layer deep neural network (DNN) classifier is used to predict and distinguish two categories of liking and disliking. The input layer of DNN is not recognized as a layer in the network and is known as zero layer. Hidden layers include units with rectified linear unit (ReLu) (Kingma & Ba, 2014; He et al., 2015). The output is configured as a softmax layer with a binary cross-entropy cost function. Each hidden layer consists of 60% of its previous layer; therefore, the first hidden layer contains 1800 units, the second hidden layer contains 1080 units, and the third hidden layer contains 648 units. The dimension of the output layer is equal to two, because it corresponds to the number of units required to distinguish the categories of liking and disliking. Results The simulations have been performed by MATLAB 2014a software. The training set included 80% of extracted features while the testing set included 20% of extracted features. Various evaluation criteria such as precision, recall, and accuracy have been used to measure the performance of the classifiers. The values of statistical parameters after averaging five times to distinguish two categories of liking and disliking have been found to have 82% precision, 87.5% recall, and 87.5% accuracy. Discussion Various evaluation criteria such as precision, recall, and accuracy have been used to measure the performance of the classifier. The proposed model was able to distinguish the two categories of liking and disliking with 87.5% accuracy, which shows an increase of 0.5% compared to the reference (Aldayel et al., 2021). Also, by comparing the results with references (Aldayel et al., 2021; Yadava et al., 2017), it is clear that the LZC feature extraction method has an effective role in predicting the proposed model for separating the two categories of liking and disliking. The results show that the proposed method can provide a complementary solution to traditional measures of predicting products success in the market. Also, the proposed method can be used in the development of market strategies and research by predicting the success of the market through expanding the existing models. This method helps advertisers understand which of their advertisements are effective and how they should plan their advertising strategy. Finally, by comparing the results with previous studies, the combined feature extraction method of LZC and DWT with the use of DNN classification has an effective role in predicting the proposed model for separating the two categories of liking and disliking. * بازاریابی عصبی به‌کارگیری عصب‌روان‎شناسی در پژوهش‎های بازاریابی است تا به‌کمک فناوری‎های نوین به مطالعۀ حسی‌ـ‌حرکتی رفتار مصرف‌کننده مانند پاسخ‌های شناختی و احساسی به محرک‌های بازاریابی بپردازد. عملکرد سیستم‌های تشخیص اولویت مبتنی بر سیگنال‌های مغزی (EEG) به انتخاب مناسب روش‌های استخراج ویژگی و الگوریتم‌های یادگیری ماشین بستگی دارند. در این مقاله از سیگنال‎های EEG 25 شرکت‌کننده در زمان مشاهدۀ 14 محصول مختلف استفاده شده است. در اینجا ابتدا سیگنال‌های EEG توسط پالایه‌های میان‌گذر و ساویتزکی گولای پیش‌پردازش می‌شوند و ویژگی‌های تبدیل موجک گسسته (DWT) و پیچیدگی لمپل زیو (LZC) از آنها استخراج می‌شود. سپس ویژگی‎های بهنجارشده به دو بخش آموزش و آزمون تقسیم می‌شوند. سپس ویژگی‌های بهنجارشده به شبکۀ عصبی عمیق (DNN) چهار لایه برای پیش‌بینی نتیجۀ آموزش داده می‌شوند و درنهایت پس از انجام آموزش، مدل پیشنهادی آمادۀ پیش‌بینی است. برای ارزیابی عملکرد مدل پیشنهادی از مؤلفه‌های دقت، فراخوانی و صحت استفاده شده است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد مقدار مؤلفه‌های دقت 82درصد، فراخوانی 5/87درصد و صحت 5/87درصد برای تشخیص دو دستۀ پسندیدن و نپسندیدن پس از پنج بار متوسط‌گیری حاصل شده است. در این پژوهش اثر تبلیغات بر فعالیت مغز مصرف‎کنندگان با تحلیل سیگنال‌های EEG بررسی شد. نتایج تجربی بر روی مدل پیشنهادی نشان می‌دهد که مطالعات دراین‌زمینه می‌تواند باعث تغییر و بهبود راهبردهای بازاریابی برای بهبود عملکرد تولیدکننده و رضایت مصرف‌کننده شود و درنهایت، به منفعت متقابل منجر شود.

https://cbs.ui.ac.ir/article_27321_92ee588d767eefbab5e78065a55bfcfd.pdf