دانشگاه اصفهان پژوهش های علوم شناختی و رفتاری 2251-7642 15 1 2025 08 23 The Effectiveness of Schema Mode Therapy on Kind of Schema Process (in Mate-Selection) and Marriage Expectations in Girls In The Pre-marital Stage in Isfahan City اثربخشی طرحواره‌درمانی ذهنیت‌مدار بر نوع فرایند طرحواره‌ای (در همسرگزینی) و انتظار از ازدواج دختران در مرحلۀ پیش از ازدواج شهر اصفهان 45 76 29478 10.22108/cbs.2025.141886.1919 FA مائده سرشوقی کارشناس ارشد مشاوره خانواده، گروه مشاوره، دانشکدۀ علوم‌تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران. مریم فاتحی‌زاده استاد، گروه مشاوره، دانشکدۀ علوم‌تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران. سمیه جابری استادیار، گروه مشاوره، دانشکده علوم‌تربیتی و روانشناسی، دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایران. 0000-0003-3440-8357 Journal Article 2024 08 03 The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of schema mode therapy on the kind of schema process (in mate selection) and marriage expectations among girls in the pre-marital stage in Isfahan. The research design was a semi-experimental pre-test and post-test type with a control group. The statistical population included all girls in the pre-marital stage in Isfahan in 2023. The sampling method was voluntary, and 30 participants were selected based on the inclusion criteria. They were randomly assigned to the control (15 participants) and experimental (15 participants) groups. To measure the research variables, Awli's mate selection (2007) and Jones and Nelson's Marriage Expectation Questionnaire (1996) were administered before (pre-test) and after (post-test) the intervention. The experimental group underwent schema mode therapy, while the control group received no intervention. Univariate and multivariate analyses of covariance were used to analyze the data. The results showed that schema mode therapy significantly influenced components of marriage expectations (realistic and idealistic) and the process of schema compensation (in mate selection) in the experimental group at the post-test stage (P<0.05). However, the therapy did not significantly affect pessimistic expectations and the process of schema perpetuation (in mate selection). Based on the findings, it can be concluded that schema mode therapy may help modify certain components of marriage expectations and the schema compensation process (in mate selection) among girls in the pre-marital stage.<br /><strong>Introduction</strong><br />One of the most important interpersonal relationships that adults typically experience is marriage. The role of marriage in the performance of the family is important given the provision of a context for meeting individuals' mental and emotional needs (Kral, 2020). One of the most important factors in choosing a spouse is the early maladaptive schemas. These schemas are long-standing cognitive-era patterns that are rooted in early life experiences and form one's attitudes and behavior (Young et al., 2003).<br />Within this context, expectations of marriage are an important cognitive concept that refers to one's mental perspective on co-living (Osei-tutu et al., 2020) and idealistic, realistic or pessimistic expectations of marriage (Nilfrushan et al., 2011). Distortions or maladaptation in these expectations can significantly disrupt marital functioning and satisfaction (Vannier & O’Sullivan, 2017). An effective approach in this regard is schema mode therapy (Young, 1990; Young et al., 2003). One of the most critical factors influencing marital success or failure is individuals’ attitudes, expectations, and schemas regarding marriage and partner selection (Arntz & Jacob, 2017), as well as the schema modes derived from these schemas (Young et al., 2003).<br />In this regard, the study that pointed to the key role of schemas in the choice of spouse has been monitored. For example, Paknejad et al. (2020) also concluded by implementing a schema -based counseling model that it could reform the attitudes of marriage and reduce their fear of marriage. Mokhtari and colleagues (2021) also reported pre -marriage education with a scheme -based approach to the fear of marriage and the coping modes of single girls. Also, Mokhtari et al. (2022) stated in another study that premarital schema-based education has a significant effect on the tendency to marry and maladaptive schemas of single girls. Therefore, one of the most important factors that can cause the success or failure of marriage is the attitudes, expectations, and schemas of individuals about marriage and choosing a spouse (Arntz & Jacob, 2017) and the schema mode resulting from these schemas (Young et al., 2003).<br />Therefore, considering the importance of the role of the type of schema process and marriage expectations in the process of choosing a spouse, the main goal of the present study is to investigate the effectiveness of schema mode therapy on the type of schema process (in mate selection) and marriage expectations of girls in the premarital stage.<br /><strong>Method</strong><br />The research design was a semi-experimental pre-test and post-test type with a control group. The statistical population included all girls in the pre-marital stage in Isfahan in 2023. The sampling method was voluntary, and 30 participants were selected based on the inclusion criteria. The instruments used included the Awli's mate selection (2007) and Jones and Nelson's Marriage Expectation Questionnaire (1996). Therapeutic intervention with a schema mode therapy approach was implemented on the experimental group for 11 sessions, two days a week, each session lasting two hours, but the control group did not undergo any intervention. The collected data were analyzed through multivariate and univariate analysis of covariance using SPSS version 25 statistical software.<br /> <br /><strong>Findings</strong><br />The results of univariate analysis of variance showed that the effectiveness of schema mode therapy on realistic expectations and idealistic expectations was significant. In addition, the results indicate that the schema mode therapy was not significant on pessimistic expectations (Table 1). Also, the results of the univariate analysis of covariance indicated that the schema mode therapy significantly reduced the mean scores of the compensation process of schemas (in mate selection). Other results indicated that the schema mode therapy had no effect on the perpetuation process of schemas (in mate selection (Table 2).<br /><strong>Table 1. </strong>Results of univariate analysis of variance in Mancova text on the components of marriage expectation<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><strong>Variable</strong><br /><br /><br /><strong>Sum of Squares</strong><br /><br /><br /><strong>df</strong><br /><br /><br /><strong>Mean Square</strong><br /><br /><br /><strong>F</strong><br /><br /><br /><strong>Sig.</strong><br /><br /><br /><strong>Eta Squared</strong><br /><br /><br /><strong>Power</strong><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><strong>Realistic Expectations</strong><br /><br /><br />300.83<br /><br /><br />1<br /><br /><br />300.83<br /><br /><br />5.45<br /><br /><br />0.027<br /><br /><br />0.16<br /><br /><br />0.61<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><strong>Idealistic Expectations</strong><br /><br /><br />218.7<br /><br /><br />1<br /><br /><br />218.7<br /><br /><br />5.18<br /><br /><br />0.031<br /><br /><br />0.15<br /><br /><br />0.59<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><strong>Pessimistic Expectations</strong><br /><br /><br />1.2<br /><br /><br />1<br /><br /><br />1.2<br /><br /><br />0.227<br /><br /><br />0.638<br /><br /><br />0.008<br /><br /><br />0.075<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><strong> </strong><strong>Table 2: </strong>The results of univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) of schema mode therapy on the compensation and perpetuation process of schemas (in mate selection)<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><strong>Source</strong><br /><br /><br /><strong>Sum of Squares</strong><br /><br /><br /><strong>df</strong><br /><br /><br /><strong>Mean Square</strong><br /><br /><br /><strong>F</strong><br /><br /><br /><strong>Sig.</strong><br /><br /><br /><strong>Eta Squared</strong><br /><br /><br /><strong>Power</strong><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><strong>Pre-test</strong><br /><br /><br />18.52<br /><br /><br />1<br /><br /><br />18.52<br /><br /><br />5.45<br /><br /><br />0.027<br /><br /><br />0.16<br /><br /><br />0.61<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><strong>Schema Compensation (Group)</strong><br /><br /><br />26.397<br /><br /><br />1<br /><br /><br />26.397<br /><br /><br />7.76<br /><br /><br />0.01<br /><br /><br />0.22<br /><br /><br />0.76<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><strong>Error</strong><br /><br /><br />91.76<br /><br /><br />27<br /><br /><br />3.39<br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><strong>Total</strong><br /><br /><br />9366.93<br /><br /><br />30<br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><strong>Pre-test</strong><br /><br /><br />6.07<br /><br /><br />1<br /><br /><br />6.07<br /><br /><br />0.435<br /><br /><br />0.515<br /><br /><br />0.016<br /><br /><br />0.098<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><strong>Schema</strong><br /><strong>perpetuation</strong><br /><strong>(Group)</strong><br /><br /><br />16.01<br /><br /><br />1<br /><br /><br />16.01<br /><br /><br />1.147<br /><br /><br />0.294<br /><br /><br />0.041<br /><br /><br />0.178<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><strong>Error</strong><br /><br /><br />376.95<br /><br /><br />27<br /><br /><br />31.96<br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><strong>Total</strong><br /><br /><br />2752.64<br /><br /><br />30<br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /> <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><strong>Discussion and Conclusion</strong><br />The findings of the present study indicated that schema mode therapy had a significant effect on the compensation process of schemas (in mate selection), but not on the perpetuation process of schemas (in mate selection). These findings are partially consistent with the results of the study by Mardani et al. (2019). Additionally, the current study demonstrated the significant effect of schema mode therapy on the components of idealistic expectations and realistic expectations, while it had no significant effect on pessimistic expectations, which is relatively consistent with the findings of Mokhtari et al. (2022).<br />To explain the findings, it can be stated that schema mode therapy, by focusing on activating and strengthening the Healthy Adult mode and utilizing various techniques, enhanced the flexibility of the overcompensating coping style and thereby reduced the compensation process in mate selection. Due to the link between the perpetuation process and the Submissive Surrender mode, as well as passive behaviors and schema-driven attraction in partner selection, this component appeared resistant to treatment and likely requires more prolonged interventions.<br />Schema mode therapy, through increasing awareness of schemas and modes and employing cognitive, experiential, and behavioral techniques, moderated maladaptive modes and strengthened the Healthy Adult mode, which in turn led to an enhancement of realistic expectations and a reduction in idealistic expectations (arising from the Demanding Parent mode) (Sarshoghi, 2023). On the other hand, due to the deep-rooted nature of schemas in the disconnection and rejection domain and the prevailing cultural pessimism among girls toward their in-laws, this approach had no significant effect on pessimistic expectations, and such schemas were more resistant to change (Khoshnevis et al., 2017; Rafiei et al., 2015; Sarshoghi, 2023).<br />One limitation of the study was the non-random sampling method, which may affect the generalizability of the results. It is recommended that future researchers conduct similar studies on boys in the premarital stage and in different cities and cultures using random sampling methods. In conclusion, schema mode therapy can be considered an effective intervention in modifying certain components of marital expectations and the compensation process of schemas in girls in the premarital stage and can be incorporated into premarital counseling programs.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong> </strong> هدف از پژوهش حاضر بررسی اثر‌‌بخشی طرحواره­درمانی ذهنیت­مدار بر نوع فرایند طرحواره­ای (در همسرگزینی) و انتظار از ازدواج دختران در مرحلۀ پیش از ازدواج شهر اصفهان بود. طرح پژوهش نیمه­آزمایشی از نوع پیش­آزمون-پس­آزمون با گروه کنترل بود. جامعۀ آماری شامل کلیۀ دختران در مرحلۀ پیش از ازدواج شهر اصفهان در سال ۱۴۰۲ بود. ۳۰ نفر از داوطلبان شرکت‌کننده در پژوهش بر اساس روش نمونه‌گیری داوطلبانه مبتنی بر ملاک­های ورود به پژوهش انتخاب و به‌ طور تصادفی در دو گروه کنترل (۱۵ نفر) و آزمایش (۱۵ نفر) گمارده شدند. به ­منظور سنجش متغیر­های پژوهش، پیش از شروع مداخله (پیش­آزمون) و در انتهای مداخله (پس­آزمون) از پرسشنامه­های انتظار از ازدواج جونز و نلسون (1996) و همسر‌گزینی عالی (1386) ستفاده شد. اعضای گروه آزمایش تحت مداخلۀ طرحواره­­درمانی ذهنیت­­مدار قرار گرفتند، در حالی‌ که گروه گواه مداخله‌ای دریافت نکردند. به ­منظور تحلیل داده­های پژوهش از تحلیل کوواریانس استفاده شد. یافته­ها نشان داد طرحواره­­درمانی ذهنیت ­مدار بر مؤلفه­های انتظار از ازدواج (واقع­گرایانه و ایده­آل­گرایانه) و بر فرایند جبران طرحواره­ها (در همسر‌گزینی) در گروه آزمایش در مرحلۀ پس­آزمون تأثیر داشته است و این تغییرات از نظر آماری معنا­دار بودند (05/0p<). همچنین، یافته­ها حاکی از عدم ‌اثر‌‌بخشی طرحواره­درمانی ذهنیت­مدار بر انتظارات بد­بینانه و فرایند تداوم طرحواره­ها (در همسر‌گزینی) بود. با توجه به یافته­های به­دست‌آمده در این پژوهش، نتیجه‌گیری می­شود از طرحواره­درمانی ذهنیت­مدار می­توان برای تعدیل برخی از مؤلفه­های انتظار از ازدواج و فرایند جبران طرحواره­­ها (در همسرگزینی) در دختران در مرحلۀ پیش از ازدواج استفاده کرد.<br />  https://cbs.ui.ac.ir/article_29478_de67c151b08884d4ef0848d8d09146cc.pdf